Portage Learning NURS 231 Pathophysiology 2022 Module 8 EXAM

Portage Learning NURS 231 Pathophysiology 2022 Module 8 EXAM Question 1 0 / 0 pts Describe the location of the hilus and its significance. Your Answer: The hilus is a concave cleft, and it is at this point where the ureters, blood vessels, and nerves enter the kidney. The hilus is a concave cleft, and it is at this point where the ureters, blood vessels, and nerves enter the kidney. Question 2 0 / 0 pts Describe the functions of the nephron. Your Answer: The function of the nephron is to control the concentration of water and soluble materials by filtering the blood, reabsorbing needed materials and excreting waste products as urine. The nephron thereby eliminates wastes from the body, regulates blood volume, pH and pressure, and controls the levels of electrolytes. The function of the nephron is to control the concentration of water and soluble materials by filtering the blood, reabsorbing needed materials and excreting waste products as urine. The nephron thereby eliminates wastes from the body, regulates blood volume, pH and pressure, and controls the levels of electrolytes. Question 3 0 / 0 pts Name the structures of the nephron and describe their individual functions. Your Answer: Each nephron consists of two parts, the glomerular capsule (renal corpuscle) and the renal tubule. These two structures are connected (through the tubule) to the associated collecting ducts. The glomerular capsule filters the blood, while the renal tubule reabsorbs needed materials, and the collecting ducts carry the remaining material away as urine to be excreted. Each nephron consists of two parts, the glomerular capsule (renal corpuscle) and the renal tubule. These two structures are connected (through the tubule) to the associated collecting ducts. The glomerular capsule (renal corpuscle) filters the blood, while the renal tubule reabsorbs needed materials, and the collecting ducts carry the remaining material away as urine to be excreted. Question 4 0 / 0 pts Compare and contrast the renal cortex and renal medulla. Discuss the structures found in each. Your Answer: The outer cortex houses the glomeruli and convoluted tubules (proximal and distal) of the nephron as well as blood vessels. The inner medulla is comprised of the Loop of Henle of the nephron and cone-shaped masses also known as the renal pyramids. The outer cortex houses the glomeruli and convoluted tubules (proximal and distal) of the nephron as well as blood vessels. The inner medulla is comprised of the Loop of Henle of the nephron and cone-shaped masses also known as the renal pyramids. Question 5 0 / 0 pts Explain the difference between cortical nephrons and juxtamedullary nephrons. Your Answer: Cortical nephrons make up 85% of all nephrons. They originate superficially in the cortex and have shorter loops of Henle that extend only a short distance into the medulla. Juxtamedullary nephrons make up the remaining 15% of all nephrons. They originate deeper in the cortex, and their loops of Henle are thinner and extend into the medulla entirely. Cortical nephrons make up 85% of all nephrons. They originate superficially in the cortex and have shorter loops of Henle that extend only a short distance into the medulla. Juxtamedullary nephrons make up the remaining 15% of all nephrons. They originate deeper in the cortex, and their loops of Henle are thinner and extend into the medulla entirely. Question 6 0 / 0 pts Explain the differences in the two systems providing the blood supply to the nephron. How does their structure determine their role? Your Answer: Nephrons receive their blood supply from 2 systems known as the glomerulus and peritubular capillary network. The glomerulus is a unique system in that it is located between 2 arterioles, afferent and efferent. Arterioles are high resistance vessels resulting in an extremely high- pressure system which can easily force fluid and solutes out of the blood into the glomerular capillary along its entire length. The peritubular capillaries are low-pressure vessels better suited for reabsorption as opposed to filtration. These capillaries surround the tubules in their entirety allowing rapid movements of solutes and water. Nephrons receive their blood supply from 2 systems known as the glomerulus and peritubular capillary network. The glomerulus is a unique system in that it is located between 2 arterioles, afferent and efferent. Arterioles are high resistance vessels resulting in an extremely high- pressure system which can easily force fluid and solutes out of the blood into the glomerular capillary along its entire length. The peritubular capillaries are low-pressure vessels better suited for reabsorption as opposed to filtration. These capillaries surround the tubules in their entirety allowing rapid movement of solutes and water. Question 7 0 / 0 pts Name two specialized structures of the glomerular capillaries that contribute to the filtration of blood. Your Answer: Fenestrations and podocytes. Fenestrations and podocytes Question 8 0 / 0 pts List the 4 segments of the nephron tubule. Your Answer: The proximal convoluted tubule which drains Bowman's capsule (highly coiled). The loop of Henle. The distal convoluted tubule. The collecting tubule (collecting duct) which joins with other nephron tubules to collect the filtrate. (1) the proximal convoluted tubule (highly coiled) which drains Bowman capsule; (2) the loop of Henle; (3) the distal convoluted tubule; and (4) the collecting tubule which joins with other nephron tubules to collect the filtrate. Question 9 0 / 0 pts What are the 3 processes involved in urine formation? Describe where they occur. Your Answer: Filtration, reabsorption, and secretion. Filtration takes place in the renal corpuscle. Reabsorption and secretion occur in the renal tubules. (1) filtration (2) reabsorption and (3) secretion. Filtration takes place in the renal corpuscle; reabsorption and secretion occur in the renal tubules. Question 10 0 / 0 pts What is the norm value for the GFR? Discuss why maintenance of this value is important. Your Answer: A normal glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is 120-125 ml/min or 180 L/day. Maintenance of a relatively constant GFR is im