SAMENVATTING:
INLEIDING TOT DE JOURNALISTIEK
,Inhoudsopgave
1. JOURNALISM STUDIES ............................................................................................................................................. 4
1.1. Wat is journalism studies .......................................................................................................................................4
1.2. ‘journalistiek’ als wetenschappelijk object .............................................................................................................4
1.2.1. sociologie (1/5)..................................................................................................................................................4
1.2.2. taalkunde (2/5)..................................................................................................................................................4
1.2.3. geschiedenis (3/5) .............................................................................................................................................4
1.2.4. politicologie (4/5) ..............................................................................................................................................5
1.2.5. cultural studies (5/5) .........................................................................................................................................5
1.3. invloeden op journalistiek.......................................................................................................................................6
1.3.1. hierarchies-of-influences model: Stephen Reese..............................................................................................6
2. Journalistieke cultuur .............................................................................................................................................. 7
2.1. Journalistiek als praktijk (‘set of practices’) ............................................................................................................7
- journalistiek = nieuws verspreiden d.m.v. verschillende technieken en kanalen .........................................................7
- vandaag: journalistiek = oordeel, verslaggeving, taal, vertelling en analyse." ...........................................................7
2.2. Journalistiek als cultuur (‘set of ideas’)...................................................................................................................7
2.2.1. Interventionisme ...............................................................................................................................................7
2.2.2. Machtsafstand ..................................................................................................................................................7
2.2.3. Marktoriëntering ...............................................................................................................................................8
2.2.4. Objectivisme .....................................................................................................................................................8
2.2.5. empiricisme .......................................................................................................................................................9
2.2.6. Relativisme ........................................................................................................................................................9
2.2.7. idealisme ...........................................................................................................................................................9
3. het publiek (audience engagement) ...................................................................................................................... 10
3.1. minimalist (metrics) ..............................................................................................................................................10
3.2. middle way (comments) .......................................................................................................................................10
3.3. maximalist (audiences as point of departure) ......................................................................................................10
3.4. public journalism ..................................................................................................................................................11
3.5. audience engagement (slot) .................................................................................................................................11
4. nieuwswaarden..................................................................................................................................................... 11
4.1. hypothese Galtung & Ruge ...................................................................................................................................11
4.1.1. kenmerken (Galtung & Ruge) ..........................................................................................................................11
4.1.2. nieuwswaarden in conflict ..............................................................................................................................12
4.1.3. hypothesen (Galtung & Ruge) .........................................................................................................................12
4.2. constructieve journalistiek (B. Soenens) ...............................................................................................................12
4.3. Nieuwswaarden Harcup & O’Neil .........................................................................................................................12
4.3.1. kenmerken Harcup & O’Neil ...........................................................................................................................13
4.4. nieuwswaarden Caple & Bednarek (2016) ...........................................................................................................13
4.5. Slot: journalistieke vs. publieke nieuwswaarden ..................................................................................................13
5. Gatekeeping & nieuwsselectie .............................................................................................................................. 14
5.1. White (1950) .........................................................................................................................................................14
5.2. Gatekeeping in het digitale tijdperk .....................................................................................................................14
5.3. gatekeeping: verschillende vormen ......................................................................................................................14
5.3.1. primary gatekeeping .......................................................................................................................................14
5.3.2. secondary gatekeeping ...................................................................................................................................15
5.4. Axel Bruns: gatewatching not gatekeeping ..........................................................................................................15
1
, meeste mensen maken maar beperkt gebruik van de eindeloze mogelijkheden ..........................................................15
5.5. Samengevat: ‘gatekeeping’ ..................................................................................................................................15
6. redactieorganisatie ............................................................................................................................................... 15
6.1. Invloed nieuwsredactie .........................................................................................................................................15
6.1.1. Case: a socialist at wall street .........................................................................................................................15
6.1.2. algemeen.........................................................................................................................................................15
6.1.3. Redactiestatuut ...............................................................................................................................................16
6.1.4. invloed nieuwsredactie ...................................................................................................................................16
6.2. newsroom convergence ........................................................................................................................................16
7. Mediaconcentratie ................................................................................................................................................ 16
7.1. Synergie ................................................................................................................................................................16
7.2. argumenten pro....................................................................................................................................................17
7.3. argumenten contra...............................................................................................................................................17
7.4. Besluit: mediaconcentratie ...................................................................................................................................17
7.4.1. Besluit VRM rapport mediaconcentratie: .......................................................................................................17
7.4.2. Resultaten VUB-onderzoek mediaconcentratie ..............................................................................................17
8. Bronnen ................................................................................................................................................................ 18
8.1. It takes two to tango ............................................................................................................................................18
8.2. a tug of war ..........................................................................................................................................................18
8.2.1. Macht van de journalisten ..............................................................................................................................18
8.2.2. macht van bronnen .........................................................................................................................................18
8.3. ‘the knowns’ vs. ‘the unkowns’ .............................................................................................................................18
8.4. Journalistiek bronnengebruik ...............................................................................................................................18
8.4.1. Routine channels .............................................................................................................................................18
8.4.2. Other media channels .....................................................................................................................................19
8.4.3. Enterprise channels .........................................................................................................................................20
9. Framing ......................................................................................................................................................................20
9.1. Framing in alledaags gebruik ...............................................................................................................................21
9.2. journalistiek vs.framing ........................................................................................................................................21
9.2.1. voorbeeld framing in Rusland .........................................................................................................................21
9.3. frame-sending vs. frame-setting ..........................................................................................................................21
9.3.1. frame-sending .................................................................................................................................................21
9.3.2. frame-setting...................................................................................................................................................21
9.4. dominante frames: framinggevecht tussen belangengroepen.............................................................................21
9.5. effecten framing ...................................................................................................................................................22
9.6. hoe werkt framing ................................................................................................................................................22
9.6.1. inwerking framing op ons brein ......................................................................................................................22
10. Geschiedenis v.d. pers ...................................................................................................................................... 22
10.1. voorgeshiedenis ....................................................................................................................................................22
10.2. het onafhankelijke België .....................................................................................................................................23
10.3. onstaan massakrant eind 19de eeuw ....................................................................................................................24
10.4. gouden jaren v.d. dagbladpers .............................................................................................................................24
11. Presentaties ..................................................................................................................................................... 28
11.1. Audience analytics ................................................................................................................................................28
11.1.1. Achtergrond ...............................................................................................................................................28
2
, 11.1.2. methoden ..................................................................................................................................................28
11.1.3. doelen ........................................................................................................................................................29
11.1.4. kritische analyse.........................................................................................................................................30
11.2. Boundary Work.....................................................................................................................................................31
11.2.1. wat is boundary work ................................................................................................................................31
11.2.2. vormen van boundary work.......................................................................................................................31
11.2.3. historische context.....................................................................................................................................31
11.2.4. hedendaagse voorbeelden ........................................................................................................................32
11.2.5. kritische reflectie .......................................................................................................................................32
11.3. Citizen journalism .................................................................................................................................................32
11.3.1. wat is citizen journalism? ...........................................................................................................................32
11.3.2. ontstaan van burgerjournalistiek ...............................................................................................................32
11.3.3. redenen voor burgerjournalistiek ..............................................................................................................33
11.3.4. vier types burgerjournalistiek ....................................................................................................................33
11.3.5. burgerjournalistiek vs. professionele journalistiek ....................................................................................33
11.3.6. enkele voorbeelden ...................................................................................................................................34
11.3.7. kritische reflectie .......................................................................................................................................34
- actieve participatie ...............................................................................................................................................34
- gatekeepers monopolie........................................................................................................................................34
- fake news .............................................................................................................................................................34
- subjectiviteit .........................................................................................................................................................34
- factchecking..........................................................................................................................................................34
11.4. Constructive journalism ........................................................................................................................................34
11.4.1. Wat is constructive journalism .................................................................................................................34
11.4.2. Instellingen die aan constructive journalism doen ....................................................................................35
11.4.3. Enkele artikels ............................................................................................................................................36
11.5. Journalistic Field ...................................................................................................................................................36
11.5.1. definitie ......................................................................................................................................................36
11.5.2. ontstaan en eigenschappen .......................................................................................................................37
11.5.3. invloeden ...................................................................................................................................................38
11.5.4. veldeffecten ...............................................................................................................................................38
11.5.5. politieke inmenging ...................................................................................................................................38
11.6. Peace Journalism ..................................................................................................................................................39
11.6.1. wat is peace journalism .............................................................................................................................39
11.6.2. kenmerken .................................................................................................................................................39
11.6.3. voorbeeld: Taliban conflict in Pakistan ......................................................................................................40
11.6.4. kritiek & nadelen........................................................................................................................................41
11.6.5. contrast met ‘war journalism’....................................................................................................................42
11.7. Propaganda model ...............................................................................................................................................42
11.7.1. begrip .........................................................................................................................................................42
11.7.2. relevantie en betekenis .............................................................................................................................43
11.7.3. voorbeelden en toepassing........................................................................................................................43
11.7.4. creativiteit en reflectie...............................................................................................................................43
11.8. Self-censorship......................................................................................................................................................43
11.8.1. wat is self-censorship.................................................................................................................................43
11.8.2. redenen......................................................................................................................................................44
11.8.3. journalistiek ...............................................................................................................................................44
11.8.4. regionale voorbeelden ...............................................................................................................................44
11.8.5. invloed op democratie en mediavrijheid ...................................................................................................44
11.8.6. historische en actuele voorbeelden...........................................................................................................44
12. uitleg examen .................................................................................................................................................. 45
3
INLEIDING TOT DE JOURNALISTIEK
,Inhoudsopgave
1. JOURNALISM STUDIES ............................................................................................................................................. 4
1.1. Wat is journalism studies .......................................................................................................................................4
1.2. ‘journalistiek’ als wetenschappelijk object .............................................................................................................4
1.2.1. sociologie (1/5)..................................................................................................................................................4
1.2.2. taalkunde (2/5)..................................................................................................................................................4
1.2.3. geschiedenis (3/5) .............................................................................................................................................4
1.2.4. politicologie (4/5) ..............................................................................................................................................5
1.2.5. cultural studies (5/5) .........................................................................................................................................5
1.3. invloeden op journalistiek.......................................................................................................................................6
1.3.1. hierarchies-of-influences model: Stephen Reese..............................................................................................6
2. Journalistieke cultuur .............................................................................................................................................. 7
2.1. Journalistiek als praktijk (‘set of practices’) ............................................................................................................7
- journalistiek = nieuws verspreiden d.m.v. verschillende technieken en kanalen .........................................................7
- vandaag: journalistiek = oordeel, verslaggeving, taal, vertelling en analyse." ...........................................................7
2.2. Journalistiek als cultuur (‘set of ideas’)...................................................................................................................7
2.2.1. Interventionisme ...............................................................................................................................................7
2.2.2. Machtsafstand ..................................................................................................................................................7
2.2.3. Marktoriëntering ...............................................................................................................................................8
2.2.4. Objectivisme .....................................................................................................................................................8
2.2.5. empiricisme .......................................................................................................................................................9
2.2.6. Relativisme ........................................................................................................................................................9
2.2.7. idealisme ...........................................................................................................................................................9
3. het publiek (audience engagement) ...................................................................................................................... 10
3.1. minimalist (metrics) ..............................................................................................................................................10
3.2. middle way (comments) .......................................................................................................................................10
3.3. maximalist (audiences as point of departure) ......................................................................................................10
3.4. public journalism ..................................................................................................................................................11
3.5. audience engagement (slot) .................................................................................................................................11
4. nieuwswaarden..................................................................................................................................................... 11
4.1. hypothese Galtung & Ruge ...................................................................................................................................11
4.1.1. kenmerken (Galtung & Ruge) ..........................................................................................................................11
4.1.2. nieuwswaarden in conflict ..............................................................................................................................12
4.1.3. hypothesen (Galtung & Ruge) .........................................................................................................................12
4.2. constructieve journalistiek (B. Soenens) ...............................................................................................................12
4.3. Nieuwswaarden Harcup & O’Neil .........................................................................................................................12
4.3.1. kenmerken Harcup & O’Neil ...........................................................................................................................13
4.4. nieuwswaarden Caple & Bednarek (2016) ...........................................................................................................13
4.5. Slot: journalistieke vs. publieke nieuwswaarden ..................................................................................................13
5. Gatekeeping & nieuwsselectie .............................................................................................................................. 14
5.1. White (1950) .........................................................................................................................................................14
5.2. Gatekeeping in het digitale tijdperk .....................................................................................................................14
5.3. gatekeeping: verschillende vormen ......................................................................................................................14
5.3.1. primary gatekeeping .......................................................................................................................................14
5.3.2. secondary gatekeeping ...................................................................................................................................15
5.4. Axel Bruns: gatewatching not gatekeeping ..........................................................................................................15
1
, meeste mensen maken maar beperkt gebruik van de eindeloze mogelijkheden ..........................................................15
5.5. Samengevat: ‘gatekeeping’ ..................................................................................................................................15
6. redactieorganisatie ............................................................................................................................................... 15
6.1. Invloed nieuwsredactie .........................................................................................................................................15
6.1.1. Case: a socialist at wall street .........................................................................................................................15
6.1.2. algemeen.........................................................................................................................................................15
6.1.3. Redactiestatuut ...............................................................................................................................................16
6.1.4. invloed nieuwsredactie ...................................................................................................................................16
6.2. newsroom convergence ........................................................................................................................................16
7. Mediaconcentratie ................................................................................................................................................ 16
7.1. Synergie ................................................................................................................................................................16
7.2. argumenten pro....................................................................................................................................................17
7.3. argumenten contra...............................................................................................................................................17
7.4. Besluit: mediaconcentratie ...................................................................................................................................17
7.4.1. Besluit VRM rapport mediaconcentratie: .......................................................................................................17
7.4.2. Resultaten VUB-onderzoek mediaconcentratie ..............................................................................................17
8. Bronnen ................................................................................................................................................................ 18
8.1. It takes two to tango ............................................................................................................................................18
8.2. a tug of war ..........................................................................................................................................................18
8.2.1. Macht van de journalisten ..............................................................................................................................18
8.2.2. macht van bronnen .........................................................................................................................................18
8.3. ‘the knowns’ vs. ‘the unkowns’ .............................................................................................................................18
8.4. Journalistiek bronnengebruik ...............................................................................................................................18
8.4.1. Routine channels .............................................................................................................................................18
8.4.2. Other media channels .....................................................................................................................................19
8.4.3. Enterprise channels .........................................................................................................................................20
9. Framing ......................................................................................................................................................................20
9.1. Framing in alledaags gebruik ...............................................................................................................................21
9.2. journalistiek vs.framing ........................................................................................................................................21
9.2.1. voorbeeld framing in Rusland .........................................................................................................................21
9.3. frame-sending vs. frame-setting ..........................................................................................................................21
9.3.1. frame-sending .................................................................................................................................................21
9.3.2. frame-setting...................................................................................................................................................21
9.4. dominante frames: framinggevecht tussen belangengroepen.............................................................................21
9.5. effecten framing ...................................................................................................................................................22
9.6. hoe werkt framing ................................................................................................................................................22
9.6.1. inwerking framing op ons brein ......................................................................................................................22
10. Geschiedenis v.d. pers ...................................................................................................................................... 22
10.1. voorgeshiedenis ....................................................................................................................................................22
10.2. het onafhankelijke België .....................................................................................................................................23
10.3. onstaan massakrant eind 19de eeuw ....................................................................................................................24
10.4. gouden jaren v.d. dagbladpers .............................................................................................................................24
11. Presentaties ..................................................................................................................................................... 28
11.1. Audience analytics ................................................................................................................................................28
11.1.1. Achtergrond ...............................................................................................................................................28
2
, 11.1.2. methoden ..................................................................................................................................................28
11.1.3. doelen ........................................................................................................................................................29
11.1.4. kritische analyse.........................................................................................................................................30
11.2. Boundary Work.....................................................................................................................................................31
11.2.1. wat is boundary work ................................................................................................................................31
11.2.2. vormen van boundary work.......................................................................................................................31
11.2.3. historische context.....................................................................................................................................31
11.2.4. hedendaagse voorbeelden ........................................................................................................................32
11.2.5. kritische reflectie .......................................................................................................................................32
11.3. Citizen journalism .................................................................................................................................................32
11.3.1. wat is citizen journalism? ...........................................................................................................................32
11.3.2. ontstaan van burgerjournalistiek ...............................................................................................................32
11.3.3. redenen voor burgerjournalistiek ..............................................................................................................33
11.3.4. vier types burgerjournalistiek ....................................................................................................................33
11.3.5. burgerjournalistiek vs. professionele journalistiek ....................................................................................33
11.3.6. enkele voorbeelden ...................................................................................................................................34
11.3.7. kritische reflectie .......................................................................................................................................34
- actieve participatie ...............................................................................................................................................34
- gatekeepers monopolie........................................................................................................................................34
- fake news .............................................................................................................................................................34
- subjectiviteit .........................................................................................................................................................34
- factchecking..........................................................................................................................................................34
11.4. Constructive journalism ........................................................................................................................................34
11.4.1. Wat is constructive journalism .................................................................................................................34
11.4.2. Instellingen die aan constructive journalism doen ....................................................................................35
11.4.3. Enkele artikels ............................................................................................................................................36
11.5. Journalistic Field ...................................................................................................................................................36
11.5.1. definitie ......................................................................................................................................................36
11.5.2. ontstaan en eigenschappen .......................................................................................................................37
11.5.3. invloeden ...................................................................................................................................................38
11.5.4. veldeffecten ...............................................................................................................................................38
11.5.5. politieke inmenging ...................................................................................................................................38
11.6. Peace Journalism ..................................................................................................................................................39
11.6.1. wat is peace journalism .............................................................................................................................39
11.6.2. kenmerken .................................................................................................................................................39
11.6.3. voorbeeld: Taliban conflict in Pakistan ......................................................................................................40
11.6.4. kritiek & nadelen........................................................................................................................................41
11.6.5. contrast met ‘war journalism’....................................................................................................................42
11.7. Propaganda model ...............................................................................................................................................42
11.7.1. begrip .........................................................................................................................................................42
11.7.2. relevantie en betekenis .............................................................................................................................43
11.7.3. voorbeelden en toepassing........................................................................................................................43
11.7.4. creativiteit en reflectie...............................................................................................................................43
11.8. Self-censorship......................................................................................................................................................43
11.8.1. wat is self-censorship.................................................................................................................................43
11.8.2. redenen......................................................................................................................................................44
11.8.3. journalistiek ...............................................................................................................................................44
11.8.4. regionale voorbeelden ...............................................................................................................................44
11.8.5. invloed op democratie en mediavrijheid ...................................................................................................44
11.8.6. historische en actuele voorbeelden...........................................................................................................44
12. uitleg examen .................................................................................................................................................. 45
3
