STRAIGHTERLINE Introduction to Biology FINAL Study Guide with Complete Solutions

smallest unit that has all of the characteristics of life - ANSWER-cell nutrient molecules are used to build cellular structures or for energy. this best represents which characteristic of life? - ANSWER-living things acquire materials and energy from the environment organs are composed of tissues, which are composed of cells. this is an example of which characteristic of life? - ANSWER-living things have levels of hierarchical organization which statement concerning reproduction is false? - ANSWER-the offspring of multicellular organisms tend to be identical to the parent technology is the - ANSWER-application of scientific knowledge for a practical purpose which of the following is a potential consequence if people stop using technology in the agriculture industry? - ANSWER-there could be a significant decrease in the amount of food produced if a new anti-cancer drug is found to be effective in initial tests with mice, what might researchers conclude? - ANSWER-the drug is effective in the mouse model; it must still be tested in humans which statement regarding science technology is false? - ANSWER-science technology is a basis for all ethical or moral decisions which of the following is one of the domains of life? - ANSWER-Eukarya You have discovered a previously unknown organism. It is multicellular, with a filamentous form, and absorbs food from its environment. Upon microscopic examination, you see that the cells have nuclei. How would you classify this organism? - ANSWER-kingdom fungi which domains contain organisms that lack a membrane-bound nucleus - ANSWER-archaea and bacteria corn belongs to the kingdom - ANSWER-plantae which of these classification categories contains the closest related group of organisms? - ANSWER-genus what is the correct formal for the binomial name of human beings? - ANSWER-Homo sapiens A physician specializes in surgery involving the following group of organs: mouth, esophagus, stomach, and intestines. Overall, what is the highest level of organization that this physician is specialized in? - ANSWER-organ system which sequence correctly lists the different levels of biological organization, from the smallest and simplest to the largest and most complex? - ANSWER-cell-tissues-organ-organ systems-organisms which statement about an ecosystem is incorrect? - ANSWER-there is a community of organisms, but no non-living components when comparing energy and chemicals in an ecosystem, - ANSWER-chemicals cycle over and over again but energy flows through once all the organisms of carious species living within a given area constitute a(n) - ANSWER-community which of the following is of least importance when concerning the preservation of an ecosystem? - ANSWER-preservation of an ecosystem allows humans to exploit as many resources as possible the most important factor that determines where major ecosystems are located on the globe is - ANSWER-climate the term biodiversity refers to - ANSWER-the total number of species, variation of species, and the ecosystem in which they live ever since the antibiotic drug penicillin was discovered in 1928, the incidence of resistant bacteria has steadily increased as a direct result of - ANSWER-natural selection as the human population size increases - ANSWER-biodiversity is adversely affected as humans have destructive effects on ecosystems all the banded sunfish in a pond would comprise a(n) - ANSWER-population which of the following types of lipids is the most abundant constituent of cell membranes? - ANSWER-phospholipid two molecules of glucose combine to form a disaccharide molecule during a(n) _______ reaction - ANSWER-dehydration which of the following is not a function of ATP within the cell? - ANSWER-all answer choices are functions of ATP within the cell which of the following radiation uses is the one that is most likely to have both beneficial and harmful consequences? - ANSWER-using radiation to treat a cancer patient the backbone of a nucleic acid strand is composed of - ANSWER-alternating pentose sugars and phosphate groups which of these combinations would be found in a nucleotide? - ANSWER-base-sugar-phosphate which of the following reactions is most likely to occur if an individual was to ingest a large dose of lemon juice? - ANSWER-there would be an increase in the about of carbonic acid within the bloodstream. if the carbonic acid didn't form, then the pH of the individual's blood could shift toward 7.2 In the search to discover the agents that cause mad cow disease, scrapie in sheep, and CJD and kuru in humans, diseased brain tissues were passed through a fine filter to remove bacteria. The filtrate was still infectious, indicating that something smaller than bacteria, either viruses or organic molecules, must be the causative agent. If a virus was responsible for these brain diseases, then the infectious agent would contain either RNA or DNA. Other possibilities were that the agent was a carbohydrate, fat, or protein. Tissue filtrates were treated with agents that destroyed just one of these chemicals and then injected into a healthy animal, with the results as follows. What is the infectious agent? •Amylase digests carbohydrates; tissue filtrate still infects healthy test animal. •Lipase digests fats; tissue filtrate still infects healthy test animal. •Formaldehyde and/or heat denatures DNA and RNA; tissue filtrate still infects healthy test animal. •Trypsin digests protein; tissue filtrate does not infect healthy test animal. - ANSWER-protein which is not a correct attribute of a metabolic pathway? - ANSWER-a constant supply of new enzymes must be produces to keep the metabolic pathway active whether or not an enzyme is active and present within a cell depends on all of the following except - ANSWER-whether the enzyme catalyzes an endergonic or exergonic reaction the location in which the enzyme and substrate complexes is called the - ANSWER-active site where within the cell is ATP built up? - ANSWER-mitochondria which of the following is a by-product of photosynthesis? - ANSWER-oxygen how efficient is the breakdown of one glucose via cellular respiration? - ANSWER-39% why does FADH2 result in fewer ATP than NADH + H+ - ANSWER-FADH2 drops its electrons off lower on the electron transport chain why is cellular respiration organized into four phases? - ANSWER-so that the energy within the glucose molecule can be released in a stepwise fashion how many NADH + H+ are produced by the citric acid cycle per turn? - ANSWER-three the final products of glycolysis are - ANSWER-2 pyruvate, 2 ATP, and 2 NADH + H+ an acetyl group contains how many carbons? - ANSWER-two the raw materials or reactants of the photosynthesis process include - ANSWER-carbon dioxide and water the calvin cycle reactions are dependent upon a supply of - ANSWER-carbon dioxide, NADPH, and ATP Photosynthesis shows higher activity for violet/blue and orange/red and a lower absorption for green/yellow. If we could create a different photosynthetic pigment that absorbed absolutely all visible wavelengths of light, the leaves would appear which color? - ANSWER-black how many total carbons are involved in carbon dioxide fixation with 3 molecules of carbon dioxide and 3 molecules of RuBP? - ANSWER-18 the substance that initially traps solar energy in photosynthesis is - ANSWER-chlorophyll which cofactor is involved in the Calvin cycle reactions? - ANSWER-NADP+ during photosynthesis, solar energy is converted to chemical energy by the chloroplasts. the process is represented by - ANSWER-solar energy + carbon dioxide + water -- carbohydrate + oxygen in plants, chloroplasts are necessary for - ANSWER-photosynthesis cellular respiration is best associated with the - ANSWER-mitochondrion in a certain group of people, males are more subject to respiratory infections and are sterile. the most likely explanation for this disease is malfunctioning - ANSWER-cilia and flagella when viewed through a microscope, one characteristic of living cells is that their internal structures move. what organelles are most directly responsible for this motion we see? - ANSWER-mitochrondria and cytoskeleton according to cell theory - ANSWER-new cells arise only from preexisting cells which of the following cells were most likely the first type of cells on earth? - ANSWER-archaea if the chloroplast is the result of endosymbiosis, what membrane of the chloroplast represents the plasma membrane of the original prokaryote? - ANSWER-inner chloroplast membrane all of the following are possible origins of cell organelles in eukaryotes except - ANSWER-groups of prokaryotic cells begin to live in a small group, sharing products of metabolism The body of a slime mold that flows over a rotten log appears to lack any partitioning into distinct cells; however it does become cellular when it changes form and produces spores. The surfaces of parasitic flatworms and some insect tissues are "syncytial" layers of living material that developed from a single cell but now contains many nuclei but lack partitioning by cell membranes. These tissues actively consume food and produce wastes. Considering that the cell theory states that "all living things are composed of cells," then - ANSWER-the general concept of life-is-cellular still holds since sometime in their life these organisms still utilize cells, but this shows cell membranes can be abandoned radioactive isotopes are used to tag proteins in the cell membranes of mouse cells. these cells are then fused with human cells in cultures. what is the likely outcome of the tagged mouse proteins? - ANSWER-the tagged mouse proteins drift across cell membranes and are soon found dispersed across both human and mouse cell membranes what will happen to dye crystals if placed in the bottom of a beaker of water over a long period of time? - ANSWER-they will diffuse equally throughout the beaker if you have a 10% sugar solution and a 35% sugar solution, how does the 10% compare to the 35%? - ANSWER-hypotonic What will happen to the protein solution of side A in the U shape figure with A having 20% protein/80% water and B having 100% water? - ANSWER-it will become less concentrated since water passes from B to A when you add sugar to your coffee or tea, the sugar is the - ANSWER-solute when you cut into most active plant tissue, water appears almost immediately because plant cells contain - ANSWER-a hypotonic solution that produces turgor pressure which of the following factors could cause the cell membrane to become less permeable? - ANSWER-if the channel proteins were to denature and become inactive which of the following is not true of the chromosomes in a cell undergoing mitosis? - ANSWER-they are available for RNA synthesis if the diploid chromosome number is 16, the chromosome number of each gamete will be - ANSWER-8 the mitotic stage of cell division consists of - ANSWER-mitosis and cytokinesis which of the following best describes the role of histones? - ANSWER-histones determine the structure of the chromosomes which type of genes, when abnormally activated so that protein is always present and active, can result in cancer? - ANSWER-prot-oncogenes which of the following descriptions does not occur during apoptosis? - ANSWER-DNA is duplicated the formation of sperm gametes is termed - ANSWER-spermatogenesis which of the following statements is NOT true about oogenesis in humans? - ANSWER-four equal size daughter cells will form Mendel's law of segregation implies that the two members of an allele pair - ANSWER-are distributed to separate gametes when two of more sets of alleles affect the same trait in an additive fashion, it is termed - ANSWER-polygenic inheritance The skin pigment melanin is expressed differently according to exposure to sunlight, with a greater production of the molecule with greater exposure. However, the degree of production can never exceed the inherited genetic level. What evolutionary advantage would be gained from having this phenotypic range for skin pigmentation? - ANSWER-production of the molecule would only occur when necessary Tay-Sachs is a recessive genetic disease in humans. If one parent is homozygous normal and the other is a carrier (heterozygous), what are the chances that their child will have this disease? - ANSWER-0% Which genetic disorder is associated with a defect in the elastic connective tissue protein called fibrillin? - ANSWER-marfan syndrome what genetic disorder is associated with the lack of an enzyme necessary for the normal metabolism of the amino acid phenylalanine? - ANSWER-phenylketonuria (PKU) when homologous chromosomes fail to separate during meiosis, this is - ANSWER-nondisjuntion which trait is not part of the linkage group found on chromosome 19 - ANSWER-production of elastic Considering that males can have Klinefelter (XXY) syndrome, XYY, and normal XY chromosomal combinations, and females can have Turner (XO) syndrome, poly-X (XXX, XXXX), and normal XX combinations, it is obvious that - ANSWER-maleness results from the minimal presence of one Y chromosome an individual who has an XXY combination of sex chromosomes is said to have _____ syndrome - ANSWER-Klinefelter which refers to the loss of a portion of a chromosome? - ANSWER-deletion which refers to the addition of a repeat segment of a chromosome? - ANSWER-duplication if a person has a portion of number 5 chromosome missing, they may have - ANSWER-cri du chat syndrome segments of DNA that are not part of the gene are called - ANSWER-introns the x-ray diffraction photography of Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins was critical evidence - ANSWER-indication that DNA has a double helix structure the genetic code consists of ____ bases that stand for one codon - ANSWER-3 which of the following is not true of ribosomes - ANSWER-they bind only one type of amino acid Two strains of E. coli—one of which can turn on its lactase production and one that cannot—are grown together with lactose in the medium. If all other conditions are equal, what will occur? - ANSWER-the strain that can turn on lactase production will overgrow the culture and be the only one left which part of an operon is incorrectly matched with its function? - ANSWER-regulator--binds to the repressor protein which animals have had the bovine growth hormone injected into them in order to produce larger individuals? - ANSWER-all of the answers are correct (cows, fish, pigs, sheep) a major difference in the production of transgenic bacteria, plants, and animals is that - ANSWER-transgenic animals require the use of host animals to carry the genetically modified embryo, who bacteria and plants to do not require this a method used to determine if the DNA found at a crime scene belongs to a particular individual is short tandem repeat (STR). this method employs - ANSWER-repeated sequences found at multiple sites in the DNA Ex vivo gene therapy - ANSWER-requires the removal of cells from the individual undergoing the treatment and then the reintroduction of these cells once they have been genetically modified transposons are transposable elements in the DNA because - ANSWER-they move from one location to another in the DNA transgenic crop plants have been created to do all of the following except - ANSWER-transgenic plants have been produced that can do all things listed a cross section through the zone of maturation of a root would show - ANSWER-transport tissues which of the following statements is not true about wood - ANSWER-heartwood transports water to the leaves throughout the life of the tree stomata - ANSWER-allow gas exchange cells of the ground tissue system are called - ANSWER-parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma cells your task in lab is to find cells that have projections to increase surface area for absorption of water and minerals. which of the following slides would you use to find these cells? - ANSWER-root slide showing zone of maturation which of the following is not true about the cohesion-tension model of water transport? - ANSWER-water is transported in the phloem for water transport to occur there must be - ANSWER-a continuous column of water in xylem and transpiration of water at the leaves While transplanting flowers you accidentally damaged the roots. What is the most likely scenario that will occur as a result of damage to the roots? - ANSWER-The slimy sheath on the root cap has been wiped off and the parenchyma cells were damaged, resulting in damage to the zone of cell division.