6030 exam 3 (all correct)

what is glomerulonephritis? correct answers inflammation of the glomerulus what is glomerulosclerosis? correct answers increase extracellular matrix; thickening of the glomerular capillary membrane what does the detrusor muscle do? correct answers controls bladder movement what are the 3 levels of neural control of the bladder? correct answers spinal center: sacral and thoracolumbar; reflex emptying of bladder brain stem: Pons; coordination of normal micturition; detrusor and external sphincter cerebral cortex: conscious control describe normal urine storage and bladder emptying correct answers storage: -bladder distends (about 200 ml) -stretch receptors send signals to signal cord, brain -conscious inhibition emptying: -contraction of detrusor muscle-opening internal sphincter -relaxation of external sphincter causes of upper and lower urinary tract obstruction correct answers upper: renal/ureter -renal calculi -strictures -tumors -pregnancy lower: bladder -prostate hyperplasia -pelvic organ prolapse -neurogenic bladder-nerve issues -constipation/impaction describe the pathophysiology of obstruction correct answers -urinary stasis predisposes to infection and calculi -dilation above the obstruction: hydroureter, hydronephrosis -increased pressure leads to decreased glomerular filtration -interstitial fibrosis-stiffening -apoptosis in renal/tubular cells -can lead to renal failure -irreversible changes in about 3-4 weeks