Unit 8
Assignment A
Diana Duka
Physiology of Human Body Systems
Understand the impact of disorders of the musculoskeletal system
and their associated corrective treatments
The Musculoskeletal System
Aim
The aim of this report is to describe the physiology of the muscular and skeletal system and
understand the impact of three disorders of the musculoskeletal system and evaluate their
corrective treatments.
Introduction
The musculoskeletal system, also known as ‘locomotor system’, is found in the human body,
which provides movement, shape support and stability. A human adult has approximately
206 bones, which are supported and connected with tendons, ligaments and muscles. The
skeletal system is a framework, which provides humans with support and protection. The
skeletal system can be divided into two main parts - Axial Skeleton and the Appendicular
Skeleton.
The Axial skeleton is the upper section of the skeleton, this includes the vertebral column,
thoracic cage and the skull. The skull consists of two sections, the neurocranium and the
viscerocranium. The neurocranium protects the section where the brain is and
viscerocranium are the bones that make up the face.
The report will contain thorough research about the human skeletal and muscular systems,
their functions, diseases associated with the two different systems and their treatments,
which will then be evaluated to consider the most effective treatment for patients.
Structure of skeletal system
The skeletal system is made up of several types of bones (osseous tissue), which is a
dense, hard tissue that makes the framework of the body for internal support, protection and
structure. There are different types of bones, each having their unique functions. The
different types of bones in the human body are cortical, cancellous, long bone, short bone,
flat, sesamoid and irregular bones. Each type of bone is located in different places in the
locomotor system, this is because they serve different purposes, so that they suit the
function of the bones, depending on the activity a person is doing. Long bones can be found
in the tibia, humerus and ulna. Short bones are found in the hand, in the carpal bones. Next,
flat bones are most commonly found in the patella, which are inside the muscle tendons.
,Lastly, irregular bones are found in the hip bone and vertebrae as well as the skull. The
below images show the location of the different bones in the human body.
As mentioned before, the skeletal system can be divided into two sections; Axial skeleton
and Appendicular skeleton. The Axial skeleton consists of the cranium, sternum, ribs and
vertebral column. Whereas the Appendicular skeleton consists of the limbs, shoulder girdle
and pelvic girdle.
The vertebral column in the Axial skeleton is there to protect the spinal cord, provide
movement, muscle attachment and attachment to the ribs, which provides protection to the
ribs and lungs. The vertebral column is also divided into five sections; cervical, thoracic,
lumbar, sacral and coccygeal. There are 7 vertebrae within the cervical region of the spine.
These vertebrates are called C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, C6 and C7. The first 7 cervical vertebrae
are located in the neck, which connects to muscles, nerves, ligaments and tendons.
Next, the thoracic vertebrae has 12 vertebrae which are attached to the ribs therefore it can
protect the heart and the lungs. The lumbar vertebrae of the spine has in total 5 vertebrates
which are known to be the largest moveable that are attached to the muscles in the lower
back.
Moreover, the Appendicular skeleton consists of the lower bones in the skeletal system, in
which there are 126 bones, including the lower limbs and girdles - pectoral and pelvic girdle,
upper and lower limbs and forearms. Overall, the appendicular skeleton contains more
bones than Axial skeleton, in which 4 types of bones are present in both skeletal divisions.
The Appendicular skeleton got its name from the word ‘appendage’ and the bones within the
region are separate so that there is a greater motion in the parts of the body and is mostly
used for locomotion in the lower limbs.
, (2.)
Function of skeletal system
The function of the skeletal system varies due to the different skeletons and different types
of bones within the body. The 4 main functions of the skeleton are to shape, support, protect
the internal organs and movement. During movement of the skeleton, the bones can move
s as one part only, this can be done through joint movement. The skeleton is able to support
the body meaning it can support the weight of the muscles, fats and organs as well as, to
protect these parts within the body. The skeleton is also very useful for the production of
blood cells; both red blood cells and white blood cells - I will be talking about the production
of blood cells later on in the report. Moreover, the bones in our bodies can act as a storage
for minerals, such as calcium, vitamin D, magnesium, fats and even bone marrow in some
parts of the skeleton. Most of the bones in the human body are attached to a muscle, hence
the name ‘Musculoskeletal System’. The bones and the muscles work together to produce
movement.
Homeostasis
This is an important function in the human body. Homeostasis is the body’s way of keeping
the internal environment in balance, in other words keeping the internal environment in
equilibrium. The few examples of this that are currently happening in the human body are
control of hormones, temperature regulation, blood sugar level, water content and negative
feedback.
Assignment A
Diana Duka
Physiology of Human Body Systems
Understand the impact of disorders of the musculoskeletal system
and their associated corrective treatments
The Musculoskeletal System
Aim
The aim of this report is to describe the physiology of the muscular and skeletal system and
understand the impact of three disorders of the musculoskeletal system and evaluate their
corrective treatments.
Introduction
The musculoskeletal system, also known as ‘locomotor system’, is found in the human body,
which provides movement, shape support and stability. A human adult has approximately
206 bones, which are supported and connected with tendons, ligaments and muscles. The
skeletal system is a framework, which provides humans with support and protection. The
skeletal system can be divided into two main parts - Axial Skeleton and the Appendicular
Skeleton.
The Axial skeleton is the upper section of the skeleton, this includes the vertebral column,
thoracic cage and the skull. The skull consists of two sections, the neurocranium and the
viscerocranium. The neurocranium protects the section where the brain is and
viscerocranium are the bones that make up the face.
The report will contain thorough research about the human skeletal and muscular systems,
their functions, diseases associated with the two different systems and their treatments,
which will then be evaluated to consider the most effective treatment for patients.
Structure of skeletal system
The skeletal system is made up of several types of bones (osseous tissue), which is a
dense, hard tissue that makes the framework of the body for internal support, protection and
structure. There are different types of bones, each having their unique functions. The
different types of bones in the human body are cortical, cancellous, long bone, short bone,
flat, sesamoid and irregular bones. Each type of bone is located in different places in the
locomotor system, this is because they serve different purposes, so that they suit the
function of the bones, depending on the activity a person is doing. Long bones can be found
in the tibia, humerus and ulna. Short bones are found in the hand, in the carpal bones. Next,
flat bones are most commonly found in the patella, which are inside the muscle tendons.
,Lastly, irregular bones are found in the hip bone and vertebrae as well as the skull. The
below images show the location of the different bones in the human body.
As mentioned before, the skeletal system can be divided into two sections; Axial skeleton
and Appendicular skeleton. The Axial skeleton consists of the cranium, sternum, ribs and
vertebral column. Whereas the Appendicular skeleton consists of the limbs, shoulder girdle
and pelvic girdle.
The vertebral column in the Axial skeleton is there to protect the spinal cord, provide
movement, muscle attachment and attachment to the ribs, which provides protection to the
ribs and lungs. The vertebral column is also divided into five sections; cervical, thoracic,
lumbar, sacral and coccygeal. There are 7 vertebrae within the cervical region of the spine.
These vertebrates are called C1, C2, C3, C4, C5, C6 and C7. The first 7 cervical vertebrae
are located in the neck, which connects to muscles, nerves, ligaments and tendons.
Next, the thoracic vertebrae has 12 vertebrae which are attached to the ribs therefore it can
protect the heart and the lungs. The lumbar vertebrae of the spine has in total 5 vertebrates
which are known to be the largest moveable that are attached to the muscles in the lower
back.
Moreover, the Appendicular skeleton consists of the lower bones in the skeletal system, in
which there are 126 bones, including the lower limbs and girdles - pectoral and pelvic girdle,
upper and lower limbs and forearms. Overall, the appendicular skeleton contains more
bones than Axial skeleton, in which 4 types of bones are present in both skeletal divisions.
The Appendicular skeleton got its name from the word ‘appendage’ and the bones within the
region are separate so that there is a greater motion in the parts of the body and is mostly
used for locomotion in the lower limbs.
, (2.)
Function of skeletal system
The function of the skeletal system varies due to the different skeletons and different types
of bones within the body. The 4 main functions of the skeleton are to shape, support, protect
the internal organs and movement. During movement of the skeleton, the bones can move
s as one part only, this can be done through joint movement. The skeleton is able to support
the body meaning it can support the weight of the muscles, fats and organs as well as, to
protect these parts within the body. The skeleton is also very useful for the production of
blood cells; both red blood cells and white blood cells - I will be talking about the production
of blood cells later on in the report. Moreover, the bones in our bodies can act as a storage
for minerals, such as calcium, vitamin D, magnesium, fats and even bone marrow in some
parts of the skeleton. Most of the bones in the human body are attached to a muscle, hence
the name ‘Musculoskeletal System’. The bones and the muscles work together to produce
movement.
Homeostasis
This is an important function in the human body. Homeostasis is the body’s way of keeping
the internal environment in balance, in other words keeping the internal environment in
equilibrium. The few examples of this that are currently happening in the human body are
control of hormones, temperature regulation, blood sugar level, water content and negative
feedback.
