ADVANCE PHARMACOLOGY MIDTERM EXAM PRACTICE 2022 UPDATED

ADVANCE PHARMACOLOGY MIDTERM EXAM PRACTICE 2022 UPDATED Routes of Administration - ANS-Patches, Suppositories, Sublingual tablets, Tablets, Liquid, Injectables, Sublingual, Nasogastric, Elixir (contains alcohol) Parenteral Routes - ANS-intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous Anti-diarrheals - ANS-Stops further occurrence of diarrhea. Notable medicines are Loperamide "Immodium" and Diphenoxylate with Atropine "Lomotil" Bismuth subsalicylate Diphenoxylate HCl w/ Atropine Sulfate - ANS-The submucosal plexus controls the secretions of fluid and electrolytes in the lumen of the intestine. By acting on the presynaptic opioid receptors, it blocks the release of acetylcholine in the synaptic cleft and hence inhibits the motility and secretory action of the enteric nervous system. Loperamide - ANS-acts by slowing intestinal motility and by affecting water and electrolyte movement through the bowel by binding to the opiate receptor in the gut wall Bismuth Subsalicylate - ANS-The reduction in prostaglandin formation, as it inhibits cyclooxygenase. Prostaglandin induces inflammation and hypermotility. The stimulation of reabsorption of fluids, sodium, and chloride Laxatives - ANS-Four main categories: Bulk, Stimulant, Osmotic, Stool Softener enhancement of fluid retention by hydrophilic or osmotic mechanisms, decreasing net absorption of fluid through effects on the fluid and electrolyte transport in the small or large intestines, and finally an alteration of motility by inhibiting non propulsive contractions or stimulating propulsive contractions Antiemetics - ANS-block serotonin from interacting with the 5-HT3 receptor. Of these, ondansetron and granisetron are the most frequently encountered. Intravenous (IV) and oral (PO) preparations are available. Side effects include headache, dizziness, and constipation Treats nausea and vomiting Ulcers - ANS-Open sores in the lining of the digestive system Drugs to treat ulcers - ANS-omeprazole (Prilosec), lansoprazole (Prevacid), rabeprazole (Aciphex), esomeprazole (Nexium) and pantoprazole (Protonix) Irritable Bowel Syndrome - ANS-a common condition of unknown cause with symptoms that can include intermittent cramping, abdominal pain, bloating, constipation, and/or diarrhea CONTINUES...