Test Banks For Human Anatomy 9th Edition by Elaine N Marieb; Patricia M. Brady; Jon B. Mallatt, 9780135168059, Chapter 1-25 Complete Guide

Human Anatomy 9th Edition 8059 1752 8, 7, 8059, 8017, 4, 1776 1 The Human Body: An Orientation 1.1 An Overview of Anatomy 1.1a Subdisciplines of Anatomy 1.1b The Hierarchy of Structural Organization 1.1c Units of Measurement 1.1d Anatomical Terminology 1.2 Gross Anatomy: An Introduction 1.2a Regional and Directional Terms 1.2b Body Planes and Sections 1.2c The Human Body Plan 1.2d Body Cavities and Membranes 1.2e Abdominal Quadrants 1.2f Anatomical Variability 1.3 Microscopic Anatomy: An Introduction 1.3a Light and Electron Microscopy 1.3b Scanning Electron Microscopy 1.3c Artifacts 1.4 Clinical Anatomy: An Introduction to Medical Imaging Techniques 1.4a X-Ray Imaging 1.4b Advanced X-Ray Techniques 1.4c Positron Emission Tomography 1.4d Sonography 1.4e Magnetic Resonance Imaging 1.1 An Overview of Anatomy (pp. 2–6) 1.1a Subdisciplines of Anatomy (p. 2) 1.1b The Hierarchy of Structural Organization (pp. 2–6) 1.1c Units of Measurement (p. 6) 1.1d Anatomical Terminology (p. 6) 1.2 Gross Anatomy: An Introduction (pp. 6–13) 1.2a Regional and Directional Terms (pp. 6–7) 1.2b Body Planes and Sections (pp. 7–9) 1.2c The Human Body Plan (pp. 10–11) 1.2d Body Cavities and Membranes (pp. 11–12) 1.2e Abdominal Quadrants (p. 13) 1.3 Microscopic Anatomy: An Introduction (pp. 13–15) 1.3a Light and Electron Microscopy (pp. 13–14) 1.3b Scanning Electron Microscopy (pp. 14–15) 1.4 Clinical Anatomy: An Introduction to Medical Imaging Techniques (pp. 15–19) 1.4a X-Ray Imaging (pp. 15–16) 1.4b Advanced X-Ray Techniques (pp. 16–17) 1.4c Positron Emission Tomography (p. 17) 1.4d Sonography (p. 18) 1.4e Magnetic Resonance Imaging (pp. 18–19) 2 Cells: The Living Units 2.1 Overview of Cells 2.2 The Plasma Membrane 2.2a Structure 2.2b Functions 2.2c Membrane Transport 2.3 The Cytoplasm 2.3a Cytosol 2.3b Cytoplasmic Organelles 2.3c Cytoplasmic Inclusions 2.4 The Nucleus 2.4a Nuclear Envelope 2.4b Nucleolus 2.4c Chromatin and Chromosomes 2.5 The Cell Life Cycle 2.5a Interphase 2.5b Cell Division 2.6 Developmental Aspects of Cells 2.6a Cell Differentiation 2.6b Aging 2.1 Overview of Cells (pp. 23–24) 2.2 The Plasma Membrane (pp. 24–28) 2.2a Structure (p. 26) 2.2b Functions (pp. 26–27) 2.2c Membrane Transport (pp. 27–28) 2.3 The Cytoplasm (pp. 28–34) 2.3a Cytosol (p. 28) 2.3b Cytoplasmic Organelles (pp. 29–33) 2.3c Cytoplasmic Inclusions (pp. 33–34) 2.4 The Nucleus (pp. 34–37) 2.4a Nuclear Envelope (p. 34) 2.4b Nucleolus (pp. 34–35) 2.4c Chromatin and Chromosomes (pp. 35–37) 2.5 The Cell Life Cycle (pp. 37–40) 2.5a Interphase (p. 37) 2.5b Cell Division (pp. 37–40) 2.6 Developmental Aspects of Cells (pp. 40–42) 2.6a Cell Differentiation (pp. 40–41) 2.6b Aging (pp. 41–42) 3 Basic Embryology 3.1 Stages of Prenatal Development 3.2 The Basic Body Plan 3.3 The Embryonic Period 3.3a Week 1: From Zygote to Blastocyst 3.3b Week 2: The Two-Layered Embryo 3.3c Week 3: The Three-Layered Embryo 3.3d Week 4: The Body Takes Shape 3.3e Weeks 5–8: The Second Month of Embryonic Development 3.4 The Fetal Period 3.1 Stages of Prenatal Development (p. 47) 3.2 The Basic Body Plan (pp. 47–48) 3.3 The Embryonic Period (pp. 48–58) 3.3a Week 1: From Zygote to Blastocyst (pp. 48–50) 3.3b Week 2: The Two-Layered Embryo (p. 50) 3.3c Week 3: The Three-Layered Embryo (pp. 50–54) 3.3d Week 4: The Body Takes Shape (pp. 54–56) 3.3e Weeks 5–8: The Second Month of Embryonic Development (pp. 56–58, 60) 3.4 The Fetal Period (pp. 58–59) 4 Tissues 4.1 Epithelial Tissue 4.1a Special Characteristics of Epithelia 4.1b Classification of Epithelia 4.1c Glands 4.1d Epithelial Surface Features 4.2 Connective Tissue 4.2a Special Characteristics of Connective Tissues 4.2b Structural Elements of Connective Tissues 4.2c Classification of Connective Tissues 4.2d Covering and Lining Membranes 4.3 Muscle Tissue 4.4 Nervous Tissue 4.5 Tissue Response to Injury 4.5a Inflammation 4.5b Repair 4.6 The Tissues Throughout Life 4.1 Epithelial Tissue (pp. 65–77) 4.1a Special Characteristics of Epithelia (p. 66) 4.1b Classification of Epithelia (pp. 66–72) 4.1c Glands (pp. 72–74) 4.1d Epithelial Surface Features (pp. 74–77) 4.2 Connective Tissue (pp. 77–93) 4.2a Special Characteristics of Connective Tissues (pp. 78-79) 4.2b Structural Elements of Connective Tissues (pp. 79–81) 4.2c Classification of Connective Tissues (pp. 81–91) 4.2d Covering and Lining Membranes (pp. 89, 92) 4.3 Muscle Tissue (p. 93) 4.4 Nervous Tissue (pp. 93–95) 4.5 Tissue Response to Injury (pp. 95–97) 4.5a Inflammation (pp. 95–97) 4.5b Repair (p. 97) 4.6 The Tissues Throughout Life (pp. 97–99) 5 The Integumentary System 5.1 The Skin and Subcutaneous Tissue 5.1a Epidermis 5.1b Dermis 5.1c Subcutaneous Tissue 5.1d Skin Color 5.2 Appendages of the Skin 5.2a Nails 5.2b Hair and Hair Follicles 5.2c Sebaceous Glands 5.2d Sweat Glands 5.3 Disorders of the Integumentary System 5.3a Burns 5.3b Skin Cancer 5.4 The Skin Throughout Life 5.1 The Skin and Subcutaneous Tissue (pp. 104–111) 5.1a Epidermis (pp. 105–108) 5.1b Dermis (pp. 108–110) 5.1c Subcutaneous Tissue (p. 110) 5.1d Skin Color (pp. 110–111) 5.2 Appendages of the Skin (pp. 111–116) 5.2a Nails (pp. 111–112) 5.2b Hair and Hair Follicles (pp. 112–114) 5.2c Sebaceous Glands (p. 115) 5.2d Sweat Glands (pp. 115–116) 5.3 Disorders of the Integumentary System (pp. 116–118) 5.3a Burns (pp. 116–118) 5.3b Skin Cancer (p. 118) 5.4 The Skin Throughout Life (pp. 118–119) 6 Bones and Skeletal Tissues 6.1 Cartilages 6.1a Location and Basic Structure 6.1b Types of Cartilage 6.1c Growth of Cartilage 6.2 Bones 6.2a Functions of Bones 6.2b Bone Tissue 6.2c Gross Anatomy of Bones 6.2d Microscopic Structure of Bone 6.2e Bone Development and Growth 6.2f Bone Remodeling 6.2g Repair of Bone Fractures 6.3 Disorders of Bones 6.3a Osteoporosis 6.3b Osteomalacia and Rickets 6.3c Osteosarcoma 6.4 The Skeleton Throughout Life 6.1 Cartilages (pp. 124–127) 6.1a Location and Basic Structure (pp. 124–125) 6.1b Types of Cartilage (pp. 125–127) 6.1c Growth of Cartilage (p. 127) 6.2 Bones (pp. 127–143) 6.2a Functions of Bones (p. 127) 6.2b Bone Tissue (pp. 127–128) 6.2c Gross Anatomy of Bones (pp. 128–132) 6.2d Microscopic Structure of Bone (pp. 132–135) 6.2e Bone Development and Growth (pp. 135–139) 6.2f Bone Remodeling (pp. 139–141) 6.2g Repair of Bone Fractures (pp. 141–143) 6.3 Disorders of Bones (pp. 143–145) 6.4 The Skeleton Throughout Life (p. 145) 7 Bones, Part 1: The Axial Skeleton 7.1 The Skull 7.1a Overview of Skull Geography 7.1b Cranial Bones 7.1c Facial Bones 7.1d Special Parts of the Skull 7.2 The Vertebral Column 7.2a Regions and Normal Curvatures 7.2b Ligaments of the Spine 7.2c Intervertebral Discs 7.2d General Structure of Vertebrae 7.2e Regional Vertebral Characteristics 7.3 The Thoracic Cage 7.3a Sternum 7.3b Ribs 7.4 Disorders of the Axial Skeleton 7.4a Cleft Palate 7.4b Stenosis of the Lumbar Spine 7.4c Abnormal Spinal Curvatures 7.5 The Axial Skeleton Throughout Life 7.1 The Skull (pp. 152–170) 7.2 The Vertebral Column (pp. 170–178) 7.3 The Thoracic Cage (pp. 178–180) 7.4 Disorders of the Axial Skeleton (pp. 180–181) 7.5 The Axial Skeleton Throughout Life (pp. 181–182) 8 Bones, Part 2: The Appendicular Skeleton 8.1 The Pectoral Girdle 8.1a Clavicles 8.1b Scapulae 8.2 The Upper Limb 8.2a Arm 8.2b Forearm 8.2c Hand 8.3 The Pelvic Girdle 8.3a Ilium 8.3b Ischium 8.3c Pubis 8.3d Pelvic Structure and Childbearing 8.4 The Lower Limb 8.4a Thigh 8.4b Leg 8.4c Foot 8.5 Disorders of the Appendicular Skeleton 8.6 The Appendicular Skeleton Throughout Life 8.1 The Pectoral Girdle (pp. 186–187) 8.2 The Upper Limb (pp. 187–194) 8.3 The Pelvic Girdle (pp. 194–197) 8.4 The Lower Limb (pp. 197–204) 8.5 Disorders of the Appendicular Skeleton (p. 204) 8.6 The Appendicular Skeleton Throughout Life (p. 205) 9 Joints 9.1 Classification of Joints 9.2 Fibrous Joints 9.2a Sutures 9.2b Syndesmoses 9.2c Gomphoses 9.3 Cartilaginous Joints 9.3a Synchondroses 9.3b Symphyses 9.4 Synovial Joints 9.4a General Structure of Synovial Joints 9.4b Movements Allowed by Synovial Joints 9.4c Types of Synovial Joints 9.4d Factors Influencing the Stability of Synovial Joints 9.5 Selected Synovial Joints 9.5a Temporomandibular Joint 9.5b Sternoclavicular Joint 9.5c Shoulder (Glenohumeral) Joint 9.5d Elbow Joint 9.5e Wrist Joint 9.5f Hip Joint 9.5g Knee Joint 9.5h Ankle Joint 9.6 Disorders of Joints 9.6a Joint Injuries 9.6b Inflammatory and Degenerative Conditions 9.7 The Joints Throughout Life 9.1 Classification of Joints (p. 209) 9.2 Fibrous Joints (pp. 209–210) 9.3 Cartilaginous Joints (p. 210) 9.4 Synovial Joints (pp. 210–221) 9.4a General Structure of Synovial Joints (pp. 211–213) 9.4b Movements Allowed by Synovial Joints (pp. 213–217) 9.4c Types of Synovial Joints (p. 217) 9.4d Factors Influencing the Stability of Synovial Joints (pp. 217–221) 9.5 Selected Synovial Joints (pp. 221–234) 9.6 Disorders of Joints (pp. 234–237) 9.6a Joint Injuries (pp. 234–235) 9.6b Inflammatory and Degenerative Conditions (pp. 235–237) 9.7 The Joints Throughout Life (p. 237) 10 Skeletal Muscle Tissue 10.1 Overview of Muscle Tissue 10.1a Properties of Muscle Tissue 10.1b Functions of Muscle Tissue 10.1c Types of Muscle Tissue 10.2 Skeletal Muscle 10.2a Gross Anatomy of a Skeletal Muscle 10.2b Microscopic Structure of Skeletal Muscle Tissue 10.2c Functional Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle Tissue 10.3 Disorders of Skeletal Muscle Tissue 10.3a Muscular Dystrophy 10.3b Myofascial Pain Syndrome 10.3c Fibromyalgia 10.4 Skeletal Muscle Tissue Throughout Life 10.1 Overview of Muscle Tissue (pp. 242–244) 10.2 Skeletal Muscle (pp. 244–255) 10.2a Gross Anatomy of a Skeletal Muscle (pp. 244–246) 10.2b Microscopic Structure of Skeletal Muscle Tissue (pp. 246–249) 10.2c Functional Anatomy of Skeletal Muscle Tissue (pp. 249–255) 10.3 Disorders of Skeletal Muscle Tissue (pp. 255–256) 10.4 Skeletal Muscle Tissue Throughout Life (pp. 256–257) 11 Muscles of the Body 11.1 Mechanics of Muscle Function 11.1a Arrangement of Fascicles in Muscles 11.1b Lever Systems: Bone-Muscle Relationships 11.1c Muscle Actions and Interactions 11.2. Organization of Skeletal Muscles 11.2a Organizational Scheme Based on Embryonic Development 11.2b Muscle Compartments of the Limbs 11.3. Major Skeletal Muscles of the Body 11.3a Naming the Skeletal Muscles 11.3b The Muscle Tables 11.4 Regional Surface Anatomy 11.4a The Head (Figure 11.29) 11.4b The Neck (Figure 11.30) 11.4c The Thorax (Figure 11.31) 11.4d The Abdomen (Figure 11.31) 11.4e The Back (Figure 11.32) 11.4f The Upper Limb and Shoulder 11.4g The Lower Limb and Gluteal Region 11.1 Mechanics of Muscle Function 11.1a Arrangement of Fascicles in Muscles (pp. 263–268) 11.b Lever Systems: Bone-Muscle Relationships (pp. 264–266) 11.c Muscle Actions and Interactions (pp. 266–268) 11.2 Organization of Skeletal Muscles (pp. 268–272) 11.2a Organizational Scheme Based on Embryonic Development (pp. 268–270) 11.2b Muscle Compartments of the Limbs (pp. 270–272) 11.3 Major Skeletal Muscles of the Body (pp. 273–232) 11.3a Naming the Skeletal Muscles (p. 273) 11.3b The Muscle Tables (pp. 273–332) 11.4 Regional Surface Anatomy (pp. 332–344) 11.4a The Head (pp. 333–334) 11.4b The Neck (pp. 334–335) 11.4c The Thorax (p. 335) 11.4d The Abdomen (pp. 335–336) 11.4e The Back (pp. 336–337) 11.4f The Upper Limb and Shoulder (pp. 337–340) 11.4g The Lower Limb and Gluteal Region (pp. 340–344) 12 Fundamentals of the Nervous System and Nervous Tissue 12.1 The Functional Organization of the Nervous System 12.1a Functions of the Nervous System 12.1b Basic Divisions of the Nervous System 12.2 Nervous Tissue 12.2a The Neuron 12.2b Neuroglia 12.3 Gross Anatomy of the Nervous System: An Overview 12.3a Gray and White Matter of the CNS 12.3b Nerves 12.4 Neuronal Integration 12.4a Reflex Arcs 12.4b Neuronal Circuits 12.4c Integration Between the PNS and CNS 12.5 Disorders of Nervous Tissue 12.5a Multiple Sclerosis 12.5b Neuronal Regeneration 12.6 Nervous Tissue Throughout Life 12.6a Embryonic Development of Nervous Tissue 12.1 Functional Organization of the Nervous System (pp. 350–353) 12.1a Functions of the Nervous System (p. 350) 12.1b Basic Divisions of the Nervous System (pp. 350–353) 12.2 Nervous Tissue (pp. 353–361) 12.2a The Neuron (pp. 353–358) 12.2b Neuroglia (pp. 358–361) 12.3 Gross Anatomy of the Nervous System: An Overview (pp. 361–362) 12.3a Gray and White Matter of the CNS (p. 361) 12.3b Nerves (pp. 361–362) 12.4 Neuronal Integration (pp. 363–367) 12.4a Reflex Arcs (pp. 363–364) 12.4b Neuronal Circuits (pp. 364–365) 12.4c Integration Between the PNS and CNS (pp. 366-367) 12.5 Disorders of Nervous Tissue (pp. 367–369) 12.5a Multiple Sclerosis (pp. 367–368) 12.5b Neuronal Regeneration (pp. 368–369) 12.6 Nervous Tissue Throughout Life (pp. 369–370) 12.6a Embryonic Development of Nervous Tissue (pp. 369–370) 13 The Central Nervous System 13.1 The Brain 13.1a Embryonic Development of the Brain 13.1b Basic Parts and Organization of the Brain 13.1c The Brain Stem 13.1d The Cerebellum 13.1e The Diencephalon 13.1f The Cerebrum 13.1g Functional Brain Systems 13.1h Protection of the Brain 13.2 The Spinal Cord 13.2a White Matter of the Spinal Cord 13.2b Gray Matter of the Spinal Cord and Spinal Roots 13.2c Protection of the Spinal Cord 13.3 Sensory and Motor Pathways in the Central Nervous System 13.3a Ascending Pathways 13.3b Descending Pathways 13.4 Disorders of the Central Nervous System 13.4a Spinal Cord Damage 13.4b Brain Dysfunction 13.5 The Central Nervous System Throughout Life 13.5a Embryonic Development and Congenital Conditions 13.5b Postnatal Changes in the Brain 13.1 The Brain (pp. 375–407) 13.1a Embryonic Development of the Brain (pp. 375–376) 13.1b Basic Parts and Organization of the Brain (pp. 376–378) 13.1c The Brain Stem (pp. 378–383) 13.d The Cerebellum (pp. 383–385) 13.1e The Diencephalon (pp. 385–388) 13.1f The Cerebrum (pp. 388–399) 13.1g Functional Brain Systems (pp. 399–401) 13.1h Protection of the Brain (pp. 401–407) 13.2 The Spinal Cord (pp. 407–413) 13.2a White Matter of the Spinal Cord (pp. 410–411) 13.2b Gray Matter of the Spinal Cord and Spinal Roots (pp. 411–412) 13.2c Protection of the Spinal Cord (pp. 412–413) 13.3 Sensory and Motor Pathways in the Central Nervous System (pp. 413–419) 13.3a Ascending Pathways (pp. 414–416) 13.3b Descending Pathways (pp. 416–419) 13.4 Disorders of the Central Nervous System (pp. 419–421) 13.4a Spinal Cord Damage (p. 419) 13.4b Brain Dysfunction (pp. 419–421) 13.5 The Central Nervous System Throughout Life (pp. 421–422) 14 The Peripheral Nervous System 14.1 Organization of the Peripheral Nervous System 14.2 Peripheral Sensory Receptors 14.2a Functional Classification 14.2b Structural Classification 14.3 Cranial Nerves 14.4 Spinal Nerves 14.4a Innervation of the Back 14.4b Innervation of the Anterior Thoracic and Abdominal Wall 14.4c Nerve Plexuses 14.4d Innervation of Joints of the Body 14.4e Innervation of the Skin: Dermatomes 14.5 Disorders of the Peripheral Nervous System 14.5a Shingles 14.5b Migraines 14.5c Peripheral Neuropathy 14.6 The Peripheral Nervous System Throughout Life 14.1 Organization of the Peripheral Nervous System (p. 428) 14.2 Peripheral Sensory Receptors (pp. 428–432) 14.2a Functional Classification (p. 429) 14.2b Structural Classification (pp. 429–432) 14.3 Cranial Nerves (pp. 432–444) 14.4 Spinal Nerves (pp. 444–461) 14.5 Disorders of the Peripheral Nervous System (pp. 461–462) 14.5a Shingles (p. 461) 14.5b Migraines (p. 461) 14.5c Peripheral Neuropathy (p. 461) 14.6 The Peripheral Nervous System Throughout Life (pp. 462–463) 15 The Autonomic Nervous System and Visceral Sensory Neurons 15.1 Overview of the Autonomic Nervous System 15.1a Comparison of the Autonomic and Somatic Motor Systems 15.1b Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System 15.2 The Parasympathetic Division 15.2a Cranial Outflow 15.2b Sacral Outflow 15.3 The Sympathetic Division 15.3a Basic Organization 15.3b Sympathetic Pathways 15.3c The Role of the Adrenal Medulla in the Sympathetic Division 15.4 Visceral Sensory Neurons 15.5 Visceral Reflexes 15.6 Central Control of the Autonomic Nervous System 15.6a Control by the Brain Stem and Spinal Cord 15.6b Control by the Hypothalamus and Amygdaloid Body 15.6c Control by the Cerebral Cortex 15.7 Disorders of the Autonomic Nervous System 15.8 The Autonomic Nervous System Throughout Life 15.1 Overview of the Autonomic Nervous System (pp. 468–472) 15.1a Comparison of the Autonomic and Somatic Motor Systems (pp. 468–470) 15.1b Divisions of the Autonomic Nervous System (pp. 470–472) 15.2 The Parasympathetic Division (pp. 472–473) 15.2a Cranial Outflow (pp. 472–473) 15.2b Sacral Outflow (p. 473) 15.3 The Sympathetic Division (pp. 473–480) 15.3a Basic Organization (pp. 473–476) 15.3b Sympathetic Pathways (pp. 477–480) 15.3c The Role of the Adrenal Medulla in the Sympathetic Division (p. 480) 15.4 Visceral Sensory Neurons (p. 481) 15.5 Visceral Reflexes (pp. 481–482) 15.6 Central Control of the Autonomic Nervous System (pp. 483) 15.7 Disorders of the Autonomic Nervous System (pp. 483–484) 15.8 The Autonomic Nervous System Throughout Life (pp. 484–485) 16 The Special Senses 16.1 The Chemical Senses: Taste and Smell 16.1a Taste (Gustation) 16.1b Smell (Olfaction) 16.1c Embryonic Development of the Chemical Senses 16.1d Disorders of the Chemical Senses 16.2 The Eye and Vision 16.2a Accessory Structures of the Eye 16.2b Anatomy of the Eyeball 16.2c The Eye as an Optical Device 16.2d Visual Pathways 16.2e Embryonic Development of the Eye 16.2f Disorders of the Eye and Vision 16.3 The Ear: Hearing and Equilibrium 16.3a The External Ear 16.3b The Middle Ear 16.3c The Internal Ear 16.3d Auditory and Equilibrium Pathways 16.3e Embryonic Development of the Ear 16.3f Disorders of Equilibrium and Hearing 16.4 The Special Senses Throughout Life 16.1 The Chemical Senses: Taste and Smell (pp. 489–492) 16.1a Taste (Gustation) (pp. 489–490) 16.1b Smell (Olfaction) (pp. 490–491) 16.1c Embryonic Development of the Chemical Senses (p. 491) 16.1d Disorders of the Chemical Senses (p. 492) 16.2 The Eye and Vision (pp. 492–506) 16.2a Accessory Structures of the Eye (pp. 492–495) 16.2b Anatomy of the Eyeball (pp. 495–501) 16.2c The Eye as an Optical Device (pp. 501–502) 16.2d Visual Pathways (pp. 502–504) 16.2e Embryonic Development of the Eye (pp. 504–506) 16.2f Disorders of the Eye and Vision (p. 506) 16.3 The Ear: Hearing and Equilibrium (pp. 506–517) 16.3a The External Ear (pp. 506–507) 16.3b The Middle Ear (pp. 508–509) 16.3c The Internal Ear (pp. 509–515) 16.3d Auditory and Equilibrium Pathways (p. 515) 16.3e Embryonic Development of the Ear (pp. 515–516) 16.3f Disorders of Equilibrium and Hearing (p. 517) 16.4 The Special Senses Throughout Life (pp. 517–518) 17 The Endocrine System 17.1 Overview 17.1a Endocrine Organs 17.1b Hormones 17.2 The Major Endocrine Organs 17.2a The Pituitary Gland 17.2b The Thyroid Gland 17.2c The Parathyroid Glands 17.2d The Adrenal (Suprarenal) Glands 17.2e The Pineal Gland 17.2f The Pancreas 17.2g The Thymus 17.2h The Gonads 17.3 Other Endocrine Structures 17.4 Disorders of the Endocrine System 17.4a Pituitary Disorders 17.4b A Disorder of the Pancreas: Diabetes Mellitus 17.4c Disorders of the Thyroid Gland 17.4d Disorders of the Adrenal Cortex 17.5 The Endocrine System Throughout Life 17.1 Overview (pp. 523–525) 17.1a Endocrine Organs (p. 523) 17.1b Hormones (pp. 523–525) 17.2 The Major Endocrine Organs (pp. 525–537) 17.2a The Pituitary Gland (pp. 525–531) 17.2b The Thyroid Gland (pp. 531–532) 17.2c The Parathyroid Glands (pp. 532–533) 17.2d The Adrenal (Suprarenal) Glands (pp. 534–536) 17.2e The Pineal Gland (p. 536) 17.2f The Pancreas (pp. 536–537) 17.2g The Thymus (p. 537) 17.2h The Gonads (p. 537) 17.3 Other Endocrine Structures (pp. 537–538) 17.4 Disorders of the Endocrine System (pp. 538–540) 17.5 The Endocrine System Throughout Life (pp. 540–541) 18 Blood 18.1 Composition of Blood 18.1a Blood Plasma 18.1b Formed Elements 18.2 Blood Cell Formation 18.2a Bone Marrow as the Site of Hematopoiesis 18.2b Cell Lines in Blood Cell Formation 18.3 Disorders of the Blood 18.3a Disorders of Erythrocytes 18.3b Disorders of Leukocytes 18.3c Disorders of Platelets 18.4 The Blood Throughout Life 18.1 Composition of Blood (pp. 547–553) 18.1a Blood Plasma (pp. 547–548) 18.1b Formed Elements (pp. 548–553) 18.2 Blood Cell Formation (pp. 553–556) 18.2a Bone Marrow as the Site of Hematopoiesis (pp. 553–554) 18.2b Cell Lines in Blood Cell Formation (pp. 554–556) 18.3 Disorders of the Blood (pp. 556–557) 18.4 The Blood Throughout Life (pp. 557–559) 19 The Heart 19.1 Location and Orientation Within the Thorax 19.2 Structure of the Heart 19.2a Coverings 19.2b Layers of the Heart Wall 19.2c Heart Chambers 19.3 Heart Valves 19.3a Valve Structure 19.3b Valve Function 19.3c Heart Sounds 19.4 Pathway of Blood Through the Heart 19.5 Cardiac Muscle Tissue 19.5a Structure of Cardiac Muscle 19.5b Mechanism of Contraction 19.6 Conducting System and Innervation 19.6a Conducting System 19.6b Innervation 19.7 Blood Supply to the Heart 19.7a Coronary Arteries 19.7b Cardiac Veins 19.8 Disorders of the Heart 19.8a Coronary Artery Disease 19.8b Heart Failure 19.8c Disorders of the Conduction System 19.9 The Heart Throughout Life 19.9a Development of the Heart 19.9b The Heart in Adulthood and Old Age 19.1 Location and Orientation Within the Thorax (pp. 563–564) 19.2 Structure of the Heart (pp. 565–571) 19.2a Coverings (p. 565) 19.2b Layers of the Heart Wall (pp. 565–566) 19.2c Heart Chambers (pp. 566–571) 19.3 Heart Valves (pp. 571–573) 19.3a Valve Structure (p. 571) 19.3b Valve Function (p. 571) 19.3c Heart Sounds (pp. 571–573) 19.4 Pathway of Blood Through the Heart (pp. 573–575) 19.5 Cardiac Muscle Tissue (pp. 575–577) 19.5a Structure of Cardiac Muscle (pp. 575–576) 19.5b Mechanism of Contraction (pp. 576–577) 19.6 Conducting System and Innervation (pp. 577–579) 19.6a Conducting System (pp. 577–578) 19.6b Innervation (pp. 578–579) 19.7 Blood Supply to the Heart (pp. 579–580) 19.7a Coronary Arteries (pp. 579–580) 19.7b Cardiac Veins (p. 580) 19.8 Disorders of the Heart (pp. 580–582) 19.9 The Heart Throughout Life (pp. 582–584) 19.9a Development of the Heart (pp. 582–583) 19.9b The Heart in Adulthood and Old Age (p. 584) 20 Blood Vessels 20.1 Structure of Blood Vessel Walls 20.2 Types of Blood Vessels 20.2a Arteries 20.2b Capillaries 20.2c Venous Vessels 20.3 Vascular Anastomoses 20.4 The Pulmonary Circulation 20.5 The Systemic Circulation 20.5a Systemic Arteries 20.5b Systemic Veins 20.6 Disorders of the Blood Vessels 20.7 Blood Vessels Throughout Life 20.7a Fetal Circulation 20.7b Blood Vessels in Adulthood 20.1 Structure of Blood Vessel Walls (p. 589) 20.2 Types of Blood Vessels (pp. 589–595) 20.3 Vascular Anastomoses (pp. 595–596) 20.4 The Pulmonary Circulation (pp. 596–597) 20.5 The Systemic Circulation (pp. 597–618) 20.6 Disorders of the Blood Vessels (p. 618) 20.7 Blood Vessels Throughout Life (pp. 622–623) 21 The Lymphatic and Immune Systems 21.1 The Lymphatic System 21.1a Lymphatic Capillaries 21.1b Collecting Lymphatic Vessels 21.1c Lymph Nodes 21.1d Lymph Trunks 21.1e Lymph Ducts 21.2 The Immune System 21.2a Lymphocytes 21.2b Lymphocyte Differentiation and Activation 21.2c Lymphoid Tissue 21.2d Lymphoid Organs 21.3 Disorders of the Lymphatic and Immune Systems 21.4 The Lymphatic and Immune Systems Throughout Life 21.1 The Lymphatic System (pp. 628–632) 21.1a Lymphatic Capillaries (pp. 628–629) 21.1b Collecting Lymphatic Vessels (p. 629) 21.1c Lymph Nodes (pp. 629–630) 21.1d Lymph Trunks (p. 630) 21.1e Lymph Ducts (pp. 630–632) 21.2 The Immune System (pp. 632–641) 21.2a Lymphocytes (pp. 633–634) 21.2b Lymphocyte Differentiation and Activation (pp. 634–635) 21.2c Lymphoid Tissue (pp. 635–637) 21.2d Lymphoid Organs (pp. 637–641) 21.3 Disorders of the Lymphatic and Immune Systems (p. 641) 21.4 The Lymphatic and Immune Systems Throughout Life (pp. 641–642) 22 The Respiratory System 22.1 Functional Anatomy of the Respiratory System 22.1a The Nose and the Paranasal Sinuses 22.1b The Pharynx 22.1c The Larynx 22.1d The Trachea 22.1e The Bronchial Tree 22.1f The Lungs and Pleurae 22.2 Ventilation 22.2a The Mechanism of Ventilation 22.2b Neural Control of Ventilation 22.3 Disorders of the Respiratory System 22.3a Bronchial Asthma 22.3b Cystic Fibrosis 22.3c Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease 22.4 The Respiratory System Throughout Life 22.1 Functional Anatomy of the Respiratory System (pp. 646–664) 22.1a The Nose and the Paranasal Sinuses (pp. 647–651) 22.1b The Pharynx (p. 651) 22.1c The Larynx (pp. 651–654) 22.1d The Trachea (pp. 654–656) 22.1e The Bronchial Tree (pp. 656–659) 22.1f The Lungs and Pleurae (pp. 659–664) 22.2 Ventilation (pp. 664–667) 22.2a The Mechanism of Ventilation (pp. 664–666) 22.2b Neural Control of Ventilation (pp. 666–667) 22.3 Disorders of the Respiratory System (pp. 667–670) 22.4 The Respiratory System Throughout Life (pp. 670–671) 23 The Digestive System 23.1 Overview 23.1a Abdominal Regions 23.1b The Peritoneal Cavity and Peritoneum 23.1c Digestive Processes 23.2 Anatomy of the Alimentary Canal 23.2a Histology 23.2b Smooth Muscle 23.2c The Mouth and Associated Organs 23.2d The Pharynx 23.2e The Esophagus 23.2f The Stomach 23.2g The Small Intestine 23.2h The Large Intestine 23.3 Anatomy of the Accessory Organs 23.3a The Liver 23.3b The Gallbladder 23.3c The Pancreas 23.4 Disorders of the Digestive System 23.4a Peptic Ulcers 23.4b Intestinal Obstruction 23.4c Inflammatory Bowel Disease 23.4d Viral Hepatitis 23.4e Cystic Fibrosis and the Pancreas 23.5 The Digestive System Throughout Life 23.5a Embryonic Development 23.5b The Digestive System in Later Life 23.1 Overview (pp. 676–683) 23.1a Abdominal Regions (p. 677) 23.1b The Peritoneal Cavity and Peritoneum (pp. 680–682) 23.1c Digestive Processes (pp. 682–683) 23.2 Anatomy of the Alimentary Canal (pp. 683–706) 23.2a Histology (pp. 683–685) 23.2b Smooth Muscle (pp. 685–687) 23.2c The Mouth and Associated Organs (pp. 687–692) 23.2d The Pharynx (p. 692) 23.2e The Esophagus (pp. 692–693) 23.2f The Stomach (pp. 694–697) 23.2g The Small Intestine (pp. 697–700) 23.2h The Large Intestine (pp. 700–706) 23.3 Anatomy of the Accessory Organs (pp. 706–711) 23.3a The Liver (pp. 706–710) 23.3b The Gallbladder (p. 710) 23.3c The Pancreas (pp. 710–711) 23.4 Disorders of the Digestive System (pp. 712–713) 23.5 The Digestive System Throughout Life (pp. 713–714) 23.5a Embryonic Development (pp. 713–714) 23.5b The Digestive System in Later Life (p. 714) 24 The Urinary System 24.1 Kidneys 24.1a Gross Anatomy of the Kidneys 24.1b Microscopic Anatomy of the Kidneys 24.2 Ureters 24.2a Gross Anatomy 24.2b Microscopic Anatomy 24.3 Urinary Bladder 24.3a Gross Anatomy 24.3b Microscopic Anatomy 24.4 Urethra 24.5 Micturition 24.6 Disorders of the Urinary System 24.6a Urinary Tract Infections 24.6b Renal Calculi 24.6c Cancer of Urinary Organs 24.7 The Urinary System Throughout Life 24.1 Kidneys (pp. 721–731) 24.1a Gross Anatomy of the Kidneys (pp. 721–724) 24.1b Microscopic Anatomy of the Kidneys (pp. 724–731) 24.2 Ureters (pp. 731–732) 24.2a Gross Anatomy (p. 731) 24.2b Microscopic Anatomy (pp. 731–732) 24.3 Urinary Bladder (pp. 732–734) 24.3a Gross Anatomy (pp. 732–733) 24.3b Microscopic Anatomy (pp. 733–734) 24.4 Urethra (pp. 734–735) 24.5 Micturition (pp. 735–736) 24.6 Disorders of the Urinary System (pp. 736–737) 24.7 The Urinary System Throughout Life (pp. 737–739) 25 The Reproductive System 25.1 The Male Reproductive System 25.1a The Testes 25.1b Male Reproductive Ducts 25.1c Accessory Glands 25.1d The Penis 25.1e The Male Perineum 25.1f Spermatogenesis 25.2 The Female Reproductive System 25.2a The Ovaries 25.2b The Uterine Tubes 25.2c The Uterus 25.2d The Vagina 25.2e The External Genitalia and Female Perineum 25.2f Oogenesis and the Female Menstrual Cycle 25.2g The Mammary Glands 25.3 Pregnancy and Childbirth 25.3a Pregnancy 25.3b Childbirth 25.4 Disorders of the Reproductive System 25.4a Reproductive System Cancers in Males 25.4b Reproductive System Cancers in Females 25.5 The Reproductive System Throughout Life 25.5a Embryonic Development of the Sex Organs 25.5b Descent of the Gonads 25.5c Puberty 25.5d Menopause 25.1 The Male Reproductive System (pp. 744–755) 25.1a The Testes (pp. 744–747) 25.1b Male Reproductive Ducts (pp. 747–750) 25.1c Accessory Glands (pp. 750–751) 25.1d The Penis (pp. 751–752) 25.1e The Male Perineum (p. 752) 25.1f Spermatogenesis (pp. 752–755) 25.2 The Female Reproductive System (pp. 755–768) 25.2a The Ovaries (pp. 755–757) 25.2b The Uterine Tubes (pp. 757–758) 25.2c The Uterus (pp. 758–760) 25.2d The Vagina (pp. 760–761) 25.2e The External Genitalia and Female Perineum (pp. 761–762) 25.2f Oogenesis and the Female Menstrual Cycle (pp. 762–766) 25.2g The Mammary Glands (pp. 766–768) 25.3 Pregnancy and Childbirth (pp. 768–774) 25.3a Pregnancy (pp. 768–773) 25.3b Childbirth (pp. 773–774) 25.4 Disorders of the Reproductive System (pp. 774–776) 25.5 The Reproductive System Throughout Life (pp. 776–779) 25.5a Embryonic Development of the Sex Organs (p. 776) 25.5b Descent of the Gonads (pp. 776–779) 25.5c Puberty (p. 779) 25.5d Menopause (p. 779)