NR 503 Week 7 Graded Discussion: Presentation Of Epidemiological Problem.

NR 503 Week 7 Graded Discussion: Presentation Of Epidemiological Problem. Week 7: Discussion- Presenta on of Epidemiological Problem Abstract 29 71 Search entries or author  Reply This week you will share your findings from your problem paper. You will write up an abstract summarizing your findings. Your abstract should consist of 100 to 500 words. Keep in mind that an abstract should summarize your research, including its key themes and problems and providing your major conclusions. Unread    Subscribe (https:// Eleina Sapoz (h ps:// Apr 8, 2018  Hi Class and Dr. Weaver, The title of my paper is: Evaluation of Epidemiological Problem: Chlamydia Infection in Adolescents and Young Adults. Abstract The rate of sexually transmitted infections (STDs) in the United States continues to rise. Adolescents and young adults, especially females, are more susceptible to STDs. Chlamydia infection, caused by Chlamydia trachomatis, is the most frequently reported STD in the U. S. and around the world. Highest chlamydia infection rates are reported for females in the 15-24 years-old age group. The untreated infection causes pelvic inflammatory disease, infertility, ectopic pregnancy, premature birth, low birth weight, and conjunctivitis and pneumonia in newborns. Chlamydia infection is asymptomatic and therefore requires laboratory testing for diagnosing. Screening is recommended for all women younger than 25 years with high-risk sexual behavior and all pregnant women and no screening is recommended in men. In spite of the morbidity, chlamydia screening rates are subpar. Incidences of chlamydia infection are reportable to states’ 5/9/2018 Topic: Week 7: Discussion- Presentation of Epidemiological Problem Abstract  Reply  according to the legislatures and regulations, however, the states’ reporting to the Centers for Disease Control is voluntary. Family nurse practitioners care for adolescents in primary care settings, which affords them the opportunity to improve adolescents’ sexual health and reduce the rates of STDs by assessing sexual behaviors, offering screening tests, providing treatments, and educating parents and adolescents on communication techniques and STD prevention. Keywords: chlamydia infection, adolescents, prevention, sexual health, screening. (http Amy Weaver (Instructor) Apr 9, 2018  Reply   Hi Eleina, thanks for your post. Chlamydia can be asymptomatic, but it can also present with yellow discharge, abdominal pain, bleeding during sex or between menstrual cycles. On a microscopic exam, there will be too many WBC to count. I have read that as much as $16 billion annually is spent on this disease alone. Isn't that an amazing amount? (http Eleina Sapoz (h ps:// Apr 10, 2018  Hi Dr. Weaver, According to Friedman, Kachur, Noar, and McFarlane (2016) STDs present a serious public health problem with 20 million cases each year costing the nation more than $16 billion annually. The total cost of chlamydia was $516 million (Owusu-Edusei et al., 2013). 50% of STDs occur in among young people ages 15-24 with the highest rates in HPV at 14 million cases, followed by chlamydia with almost 3 million cases annually (CDC, 2017). Randell (2018) advocates for a global screening of women between ages 15-24 against USPSTF (2014) recommendation of only screening high-risk women in the same age group. Paradoxically, women will subject themselves to sexual encounters with multiple partners but will not disclose this information to providers. Thus, many more women than actually reported carry chlamydia infection. The long-term cost savings of global screening, which included testing, treatment, and subsequent outcomes, were calculated by Randell (2018) for a hypothetical population of 100,000 as follows: $105 million for no screening, $71 million for universal screening, and $89 million for risk-based screening. I think that these numbers represent a powerful defense for the global screening. Furthermore, Ditkowsky, Rahman, Hammerschlag, Kohlhoff, and Smith-Moskowitz (2017) 5/9/2018 Topic: Week 7: Discussion- Presentation of Epidemiological Problem Abstract  Reply  concluded that a chlamydia vaccination program in the U.S. would be initially costly but in the end would avert significant morbidities thus becoming cost saving. Since STDs are results of risky-behaviors, I would call it a “behavioral” disease. Because we cannot control peoples’ behaviors, I believe that Ditkowsky et al. make a good case for the government to invest in the development of an effective vaccine. References: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2017). Chlamydia. Retrieved from Ditkowsky, J., Rahman, A., Hammerschlag, M. R., Kohlhloff, S., & Smith-Moskowitz, T. A. (2017). Cost-benefit analysis of Chlamydia trachomatis vaccine program in adolescent girls in the United States. Friedman, A. L., Kachur, E. E., Noar, S. M., & McFarlane, M. (2016). Health communication and social marketing campaigns for sexually transmitted disease prevention and control: What is the evidence of their effectiveness? Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 43(1), S83-S101. doi: 10.1097/OLQ. Owusu-Edusei, K. Jr., Chesson, H. W., Gift, T. L., Tao, G., Mahajan, R., Ocfemia, M. C., & Kent, C. K. (2013). The estimated direct medical cost of selected sexually transmitted infections in the United States, 2008. Sexually Transmitted Diseases, 40(3), 197-201. doi: 10.1097/OLQ.0b013ec6d2 Randell, M. D. (2018). The case of universal chlamydia screening. Retrieved from UPSTF. (2014). Final recommendation statement: Chlamydia and gonorrhea: Screening. Retrieved from ntFinal/chlamydia-and-gonorrhea-screening (http 5/9/2018 Topic: Week 7: Discussion- Presentation of Epidemiological Problem Abstract Annisha Jones (h ps:// Apr 12, 2018  Reply   Eleina, Well written abstract for your paper. I was able to follow along and gain a clear understanding of the significant concerns of chlamydia and the issues surrounding this rising sexually transmitted disease. Reinfection cases also contribute to the outstanding costs to treat chlamydia. According to Grant and Crane (2017), if a female becomes infected again within a years’ time that would increase her chances of developing the pelvic inflammatory disease, ectopic pregnancy, infertility, preterm delivery, and having a low-birth-weight infant. A lot of this can be contributed to the failure to disclose a complete list of sexual partners. There are some serious complications associated with this infection if left untreated or if it reoccurs. In 2015, there were 2,530 cases and 2,851 cases in 2016 of chlamydia diagnosed in Hinds County in the state of Mississippi (Mississippi Department of Health, 2016). The numbers continue the fluctuate and so does the cost to treat this infection. Annisha Collins Jones References Grant, R., & Crane, R. (2017). Screening for chlamydia trachomatis infections in women. The New England Journal of Medicine, 376(22), . doi:10.1056/NEJMc Mississippi Department of Health (2016). Chlamydia. Retrieved from ( ) (http Eleina Sapoz (h ps:// Apr 13, 2018  Hi Annisha, Thank you for your comments. In my county, there were 2,829 cases reported, which seemed on par with your county. However, without incidence rates, we cannot compare Hinds and Fairfield Counties. Rates of Reported Chlamydia Cases per 100,000 Population by Sex, National and Local Data, 2016 5/9/2018 Topic: Week 7: Discussion- Presentation of Epidemiological Problem Abstract  Reply  National Connecticut Fairfield County Males Females Males Females Total 330.5 657.3 212 507 365 Eleina (http Amy Weaver (Instructor) Apr 14, 2018  Reply   Annisha, good point. Failure to disclose all sexual partners is a real problem. Furthermore, they many not even know the names of all their partners, so it's a epidemiological nightmare for the STD nurse at the public health department. Sometimes they only know a nickname, where they work, the car they drive, etc. It's a major treasure hunt for the nurse to track these people down. At least they could get the contact information at the time of the encounter :) (http Anita Lucente (h ps:// Apr 15, 2018  Hi Dr. Weaver, Eleina, and class, I am saddened and shocked about the sexually transmitted infection rates in our country. I work in a unique family practice setting in which we have access to our own public health office. We have a large population of patients and we see approximately 3-5 patients a week with symptoms or STI and 1-2 weely for STI check that are asymptomatic. We work diligently with these patients to educate them about safe sexual practices and the dangers of spreading infection.. In specific cases like chlamydia, I educate the risk factors of possibly putting females (or themselves) at risk for complications with child bearing or infertility in the future. Many times these patients are young and do not heed our warnings, and like so many other comorbidities, do not see the reprecussions until several years down the road, when in most cases it is too late. In my own opinion it is our only option to continue to educate and by spreading awareness to those few who listen, may still save many people complications in the future. I definitely appreciate your discussion post, as I am an advocate for safe sex practices among other passionate concerns.