Final exam review

Villi • Fingerlike projections of the mucosa of the small intestines aid in absorption • Microvilli enhance the absorption effectiveness of the small intestines by increasing thesurface area Pancreas and Biliary Tree • The main pancreatic duct and common bile duct join and empty into the duodenumLiver and Gallbladder • The liver makes bile o Aids in digestion o Made up of water, bile salts, bile pigments o Bile salts play a role in emulsification ▪ Breakdown of large lipid globules into small lipids • The gallbladder stores bile until it is needed. Pancreas • Exocrine (digestion) o Exocrine cells arranged in clusters called acini o Acini produces digestive enzymes • Endocrine (hormone) o Pancreatic islets o Each islet includes hormone secreting cells ▪ Alpha secrete glucagon ▪ Beta secrete insulin Absorptive state- hormonal regulation in the absorptive state • The effects of insulin dominate in the absorptive state. Anabolic hormone. It makesthings. • Insulin also helps get rid of glucose in blood.Ch. 25 Summary of Cellular respiration • Cellular respiration will generate either 30 or 32 ATP molecules for each molecule ofglucose catabolized. • Forms 6 water molecules. Summary of Principle reactions • Glycolysis, krebs cycle, and especially ETC provide all ATP for cellular activities • Krebs and ETC are aerobic processes • ETC occurs within inner mitochondrial membrane • Glucose is converted into pyruvic acid. If oxygen acetyl coA krebs cycle makes NADHAND FADH2 • ETC makes 28 or 26 ATP. Ch. 26 Water Reabsorption • Obligatory water reabsorption- 90% o Water follows the solutes that are reabsorbed o Mostly in proximal convoluted tubules. • Facultative water reabsorption- final 10% o Occurs in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting ducts o Regulated by ADH ▪ Low adh- large volume of dilute urine ▪ High adh- small amount of concentrated urine Filtrate passes from glomerular capsule to the renal tubule o Filtration occurs in glomerulus. o The largest amount of solutes and water reabsorption occur in the proximal convolutedtubule