BIO 133 EXAM 1 CHAPTER 1 TO 6 – QUESTION AND ANSWERS | 2022 LATEST UPDATE

the process of change in allele frequencies that occurs entirely from chance (changes in gene frequencies that occur when small groups of individuals are reproductively separated from a larger population)ANSWERS-genetic drift What are the steps of the scientific method?ANSWERS-1. Ask a Question / Observation 2. Do Background Research 3. Construct a Hypothesis 4. Test Your Hypothesis by Doing an Experiment 5. Analyze Your Data and Draw a Conclusion 6. Report Your Results judging the rightness or wrongness of an act by characteristics of act itself - apart from its consequences (ex. "thou shalt not kill".. so euthanasia and abortion simply are not allowed)ANSWERS-Deontological System Judging the rightness or wrongness of an act on the basis of its consequences (ex. the choice that yields the greatest benefit to the most people is the choice that is ethically correct - euthanasia and abortion are permitted under some guidelines)ANSWERS-Utilitarian System the expression of a gene (ex. blue eyes, brown fur, striped fruit, yellow flowers, etc)ANSWERS-phenotype the genetic constitution of an individual organismANSWERS-genotype allele that expresses itself when present in just one copyANSWERS-dominant allele allele that is not expressed in the presence of the dominant alleleANSWERS-Recessive allele a condition in which two alleles for a trait are the sameANSWERS-Homozygous a condition in which two alleles for a trait are different from each otherANSWERS-Heterozygous contain two complete sets of genetic information; chromosomes exist as homologous pairsANSWERS-Diploid Cells contain one complete set of genetic information (egg and sperm)ANSWERS-Haploid Cells two chromosomes, one of paternal origin, the other of maternal origin, that contain the same gene sequence and pair with each other and undergo crossing over during meiosisANSWERS-Homologous Chromosomes chart of 23 pairs of chromosomes in humans; size order displayANSWERS-Karyotype the 23rd pair of chromosomes in humansANSWERS-sex chromosomes during this stage of meiosis, chromosomes shorten and thick, the nuclear membrane breaks down, homologous chromosomes align closely and synapse and undergo crossing-overANSWERS-Prophase 1 When do chromosomes undergo crossing over?ANSWERS-Prophase 1 of Meiosis 1 when the locus for a gene for a particular trait or disease lies on the X chromosome, the disease is said to be _________?ANSWERS-X-linked When the locus for a gene for a particular trait or disease lies on the Y chromosome, the disease is said to be ______?ANSWERS-Y-linked When the locus for a gene for a particular trait or disease lies on the sex chromosomes?ANSWERS-Sex linked genetic traits (x-linked; y-linked) molecule that encodes the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known living organisms and many virusesANSWERS-Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) What molecule guides the cell (along RNA) in making new proteins that determine our biological traits?ANSWERS-DNA DNA is a what?ANSWERS-Polymer What does each nucleotide of DNA consist of?ANSWERS-5-carbon sugar (deoxyribose), a nitrogen containing base, and a phosphate group What are the purine (double ringed structures) nitrogen bases?ANSWERS-Adenine and Guanine What are the pyrimidine (single-ringed structures) nitrogen bases?ANSWERS-Cytosine and Thymine What does adenine pair with?ANSWERS-Thymine What does cytosine pair with?ANSWERS-Guanine Enzyme binds to a DNA strand at the beginning of a gene. Then the enzyme unwinds a portion of the double helix, separating the strands locally. RNA nucleotides pair one at a time with the complementary nucleotide on one DNA strand. Then other enzymes join the new RNA nucleotides to form a continuous RNA strand, complementary to the DNA strands. Then the RNA molecule separates and the DNA strands pair once more.ANSWERS-This is transcription? Three successive nitrogenous bases on the DNA molecule from a coding unitANSWERS-the Code Three successive nitrogenous bases on the mRNA form a coding unitANSWERS-the Codon carries messages from DNA for protein synthesisANSWERS-Messenger RNA (messenger RNA) Shaped like a clover leaf with loops. Contains amino acid attachment site on one end and an area call the anticodon site on the other end. The anticodon recognizes condons on the mRNAANSWERS-tRNA (transfer RNA) Protein synthesis is accomplished through this process; after DNA is transcribed into a messenger RNA (mRNA), the mRNA is translated to produce a proteinANSWERS-Translation DNA to messenger RNAANSWERS-Transcription substitution of one nucleotide for another; can result in the addition or a wrong amino acid in the protein structureANSWERS-Point Mutation (aka base substitution) If there is a base insertion or deletion that is not in the multiple of three, what kind of mutation is it?`ANSWERS-Frame Shift Mutation Diagram used to follow inheritance of a trait in a family (consists of symbols & lines); one of the most powerful tools in human genetic studies in pedigree analysisANSWERS-Pedigree used in molecular biology for creating multiple copies (or amplification) of DNA from a sample; used in genetic fingerprintingANSWERS-PCR Technique (Polymerase Chain Reaction) play an important role in protein synthesisANSWERS-Ribosomes The process when the double helix ladder of DNA is untwisted and the two strands are separated by breaking the hydrogen bonds between the base pairs. Next, two new strands are made by reading each side of the DNA ladder, one base at a time. Matching bases fill in to complete the length of the new DNA strand. When the process is complete, there are two identical DNA double helices, each containing one original and one new strand.ANSWERS-DNA Replication DNA-cutting enzymes found naturally in bacteria that can be used to cut DNA fragments at specific sequences; each enzyme always cuts DNA at a specific nucleotide sequenceANSWERS-Restriction Enzymes (aka restriction Endonucleases) carrier that delivers correct genes; viruses are typically used since they can recognize certain cells and carry genetic material into the cellsANSWERS-Vector Non-coding sequences that vary in individuals; DNA samples are cut with restriction enzymes; fragments are separated according to size (and charge) by the process of gel electrophoresisANSWERS-Restriction-fragment length polymorphisms Parts of genes; part that codes for proteins; are expressed sequencesANSWERS-Exons Parts of genes; part that does not code for proteins; intervening sequencesANSWERS-Introns Process where animals and plants best suited to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce, passing on the characteristics (which helped them survive) to their offspring. Gradually, the species changes.ANSWERS-Natural Selection a variant of natural selection in which one gender prefers certain traits to be present in their mateANSWERS-Sexual Selection when plant and animal breeders modify domestic species for desired traitsANSWERS-Artificial Selection the process by which favorable heritable traits become more common in successful generations of population of reproducing organisms, and unfavorable heritable traits become less common due to differential reproduction of genotypesANSWERS-Natural Selection any feature that enable a species to survive in circumstances in which it could not survive as well as without the featureANSWERS-adaptation one species of organisms deceptively resembles another speciesANSWERS-Mimicry shared similarities are evidence that organisms share a common ancestry (ex. whales, bats, cheetahs, and humans all share similarities in the pattern of bones of forelimbs)ANSWERS-homologies What does homology indicate?ANSWERS-Common Ancestry structures that have lost their functions in some species in the course of evolutionANSWERS-Vestigial Structures a trait or an organ that appears similar in two unrelated organisms (structures that do not have a common origin but have the same function) [ex. bird wings are not homologous to insect wings but homologous to human arms, whale flippers, and bat wings]ANSWERS-Analogy the remains of past life forms; formed from the burial of plants and animals in sedimentANSWERS-fossils Comparisons of fossils with the living species provide evidence of what?ANSWERS-Change over time a group of organisms within a specific area that are able to reproduce with each other and produce a viable and a fertile offspringANSWERS-species the formation of new speciesANSWERS-speciation Most abundant organisms on earth; too small to be seen; without them life on Earth would cease; first organism of EarthANSWERS-Procaryotic Cells cells with the DNA molecule compacted in the cytoplasm - no nucleus present; DOES NOT HAVE membrane organelles like mitochondria, chloroplast, nucleus; asexual