PSY 203 EXAM 3 PRACTICE QUESTIONS

PSY 203 EXAM 3 PRACTICE QUESTIONS By age 2, how large is a child's head compared to an adult's head? 75% of adult size Why is it important for there to be increased myelination in the brain? It allows neurons to communicate more quickly It allows for faster thinking and learning It allows for faster reaction time Growth of corpus callosum: 1. It allows the 2 sides of brain to communicate 2. It helps the brain to operate more efficiently 3. Undergrowth of CC has been seen in autism spectrum d/o 4. Involved with cross lateralization (right side/left side) What does increased development of the prefrontal cortex enable for children? Increase in problem solving skills Increase in language skills Increase in emotional control, which means decrease in tantrums What is Syntax? The ability to combine words together to make sentences. Syntax doubles every month between the ages of 2 and 3. What is Social speech? The ability to have a reciprocal conversation with another person. At what age does Social speech begin? About age 3 Piaget: age 2-6 Preoperational Period What is the literal meaning of the preoperational period? It is the period before logical thinking. What are the obstacles to logical thinking for young children? * Centration: The tendency to focus on only one aspect of something of something while ignoring all other aspects. * Egocentrism: Unable to see others' point of view * Irreversibility: The belief that once something is done it can never be undone (for all situations) * Focus on appearance- Kids of this age think that everything is exactly as it appears to be What is meant by "apprentice in thinking"? Kids learn their problem-solving skills and mental abilities through close association with experienced elders (Cognitive) What is Guided participation? Kids learn through practicing in different activities with experienced elders What is Zone of proximal development? The difference between what child can do on their own and where they still need help What is scaffolding? When experienced mentors provide temporary assistance (support) to kids as they are learning a new skill What is the Theory-theory? The view that people come up with their own theories to explain the world around them What is Naïive theory (Piaget)? The theories that children come up with to explain the world around them Critical Period: The view that there is AN* absolute deadline for language acquisition (by puberty) Sensitive period: The view that there is NO* absolute deadline for language acquisition Child Centered Programs: Schools that focus on the unique development of each child (smaller classes, more teachers); non-traditional education *Montessori schools: Child centered program that has individual learning stations for the kids to choose from. Teacher directed education: Traditional style of education where the teacher sets the schedule of activities (kids don't get to choose) Head Start Program: Government funded program that provides early education for Low Income children only (based on income) Universal pre-kindergarten: Government funded program that provides early education for all children, regardless of family income. What is EMOTIONAL REGULATION? The ability to control the expression of one's emotions, especially negative ones. What is the ld? The only part of the personality that is present at birth *Pleasure Principle: always wants immediate gratification of its desires What is the ego? Self control *Reality Principle: Tries to satisfy the Id but only in socially acceptable/appropriate ways. What is the theory of Mind? It is a person's understanding and recognition of their own unique thoughts Why do children have difficulty with theory of the mind prior to age 4? Egocentrism C)Theory of the mind in autistic children: they are slow to develop theory of the mind(in severe cases, they may never develop theory of mind What factors influence the development of theory of mind? Intelligence level Level of language development Age Children with siblings tend to learn theory of mind faster than only-children Child centered programs: focus on the unique development of each child (smaller classes, more teachers); non-traditional education. *Montessori schools: Child centered program that has individual learning stations for kids to choose from (expensive). Teacher directed education: Traditional style of education where the teacher sets the schedule of activities (kids don't get to choose). Head start program: Government funded program that provides early education for Low Income children only (based on income) Universal pre-kindergarten: Government funded program that provides early education for all children, regardless of family income. What is Emotional Regulation? The ability to control the expression of one's emotions, especially negative ones. Initiative vs. Guilt Children struggle with wanting to explore their environment and wanting to be creative, but there is the fear of getting into trouble (guilt) Self-esteem person's sense of self worth and value. Self-concept person's sense of who they are; how they identify themselves; sense of identity What affects the self esteem and self concept of children ages 2-6 - Their relationship with their parents - How they compare themselves to their peers - How they are treated by their peers - How they are treated in society - What they see in the media Intrinsic motivation Doing something because it is what you truly want to do. Extrinsic motivation doing things only based on getting rewarded Describe what was done in the magic marker trust of motivation by psychologists Lepper, Greene and Nisbett. Children that were given a prize no longer cared to color. Kids that weren't expecting a prize wanted to continue to color What conclusions were drawn from the magic marker test? A) if you want children to develop an interest in a task, then it is best to not promise them rewards in advance. B) Children should not be rewarded if their work does not show that they put effort into doing it. Authoritarian: Very strict and controlling; punishment is harsh; parents not emotionally close with child; parents don't allow independence Permissive parenting style: No rules, boundaries, or discipline; child controls the parents Indifferent: the child has no supervision indulgent: supervision the parents try to buy their kids' love with gifts; they try to be child's friend Authoritative parenting: Parents sets consistent limits, boundaries and discipline; but they are also very loving toward the chid and will allow the child independence if earned How do children express psychopathology? a) externalizing behavior - outward acts against others such as physical aggression, verbal aggression, property destruction, stealing, lying, manipulating, fire setting, sexual abuse of others b) internalizing behavior behaviors the person directs at themselves such as self-injury; developing anxiety or depression, abusing drugs, bedwetting (enuresis), night defecation (encopresis), suicide attempts What are common causes of childhood psychopathology? Genetic or chromosomal disorders, maternal substance abuse during pregnancy, abuse and maltreatment, traumatic experiences, victim of bullying, birthing injuries or problems such as anoxia or hypoxia (brain damage) Sex: A person's biological makeup as male or female. It is based on chromosomes (XX/XY) and genitalia Gender: the social roles and meanings attached to being male or female Biological sex/gender difference are due to sex hormones of estrogen and testosterone Psychoanalytic theory (Freud): kids begin to learn sex and gender differences during the Phallic Stage Behaviorist theory kids are rewarded for gender-appropriate behaviors and punished for gender inappropriate behaviors (based on society) Cognitive theory kids develop a gender schema at an early age Gender Schema - a cognitive set of beliefs about what means to be male or female (ie - buying pink gifts for the baby shower of a baby girl) *BULLYING: repeated acts and threats of violence toward a weaker individual Child abuse and maltreatment what are the warning signs? -Repeated injuries which often require hospital visit -Bruises in the shape of objects (cigarette, iron, belt buckle, shoes) -Ligature marks from being tied with wires or rope -Repeated unexplainable fractures -Bruising of genitals (possible sex abuse) -Child is extremely skinny and gaunt due to malnutrition -Child is extremely dirty and unkempt (sign of neglect) What are characteristics of abusers? Psychological disorders, substance abuse, financial problems were victims of abuse in the past, relationship problems Long term effects of abuse on children. Psychological disorders, substance abuse, may abuse others Age span of middle childhood 7-11 years old Why is middle childhood the healthiest period of lifespan? Deaths due to accidents are rare Terminal illnesses are rare How is obesity Classified? Having a body mass index greater than the 95th percentile. Primary contributors to obesity Sedentary lifestyle Eating too many calories (more than you burn off) Genetics Differences in metabolism Not eating enough whole fruits and vegetables Drinking too much of sweetened drinks Illnesses linked to obesity Type 2 diabetes Hypertension Lymphedema Cardiovascular disease Sleep apnea How to prevent obesity Limit/monitor caloric intake Eat a more balanced diet with more whole fruits and veggies Nutrition education Increase physical activity Drink more water and less juices/drinks Milestones in brain development - Increase in automatization - Increase in selective attention - Decrease in reaction time - Increase in speed of neural transmission Increase in automatization: Mastering a skill to the point that it no longer requires conscious thinking (ex. Driving a car, riding a bike) Increase in selective attention: being able to focus on a task without being easily distracted Decrease in reaction time: It takes less time to react or respond to stimuli; able to react more quickly Increase in speed of neural transmission the neurons communicate more quickly Measuring the mind - Psychometrics - Aptitude Psychometrics: The study of the measurement of intelligence Aptitude: The potential to master a skill or a body of knowledge First IQ test used in the US: Stanford-Binet test How IQ was calculated Mental age divided by Chronological age x 100 Current average IQ today: 100 (with a standard deviation of 14 points; range for average IQ is 86 to 114 WISC- Wechsler Intelligence Scale for children current IQ test given to children WAIS- Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale current IQ test for teens and adults WPSI- Wechsler Preschool Scale of Intelligence Current IQ test for kids 6 and under What are factors that affect IQ test performance? Prior knowledge; comfort with taking tests; personal beliefs about ones abilities; SES (socioeconomic status) What are Criticisms of the IQ test? Culturally biased It measures one type of intelligence Cultural stereotypes have been shown to negatively impact Black and Hispanic students What is intellectual disability? (Formerly called Metal Retardation) Impairment in the ability to think, learn, or live independently What are possible causes of ID (intellectual disability)? Down Syndrome Fragile X Syndrome PKU Fetal Alcohols Syndrome Anoxia/hypoxia during the birthing process Traumatic brain injury Classifications of Intellectual Disability Mild ID (1Q 55-70): Moderate ID (1Q 40-54): Severe ID (25-39): Profound ID (1Q 25): Mild ID (1Q 55-70): can learn up to grade 4 or 5; can be most independent Moderate ID (1Q 40-54): need assisted living, but can do many things for themselves (ADLS) Severe ID (25-39): need constant supervision; can learn a few basic things Profound ID (1Q 25): need constant supervision and have little to no communication abilities Autism Spectrum Disorder: A disorder that causes impairment in social functioning, language development , and sensory processing: Signs : delayed or no language development; difficulty understanding emotions; very inflexible about routines, extreme sensitivity to sound and touch, difficulty with eye contact, strange obsessions or repetitive behaviors. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): Inattentive type: difficulty concentrating, easily distracted, always losing of forgetting important things, always daydreaming in class Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): Hyperactive type: always fidgeting, always calling out in class, can't wait their turn, may run at inappropriate time, annoy others, may throw tantrums Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): Mixed type: they have signs of both types of ADHD inattentive anf hyperactive IEP (Individual Education Plan): a document that lists the child's diagnosis, treatment needs, treatment goals, and any special interventions to be used (accommodations) LRE (Least Restrictive Environment): a government mandate that stipulates for children with special needs to be integrated with the general student population as much as possible: always start with the mildest level of intervention first At what age do children begin to apply Basic Principles of Logic? Around 9-11 What cognitive achievements have children made that allow for logical thinking? Classification: Reversibility: Identity: Metacognition: Classification: Being able to group objects or ideas based on common characteristics Reversibility: Understanding that some things can return to their previous states Identity: Understanding that making minor changes to something does not always change its basic identity Metacognition: When a person is able to reflect upon and evaluate their own thought processes (they can think about their own thinking) How does information processing theory address human memory? The IPT compares human memory to a computer in terms of the encoding, storing, and retrieving of information. Memory Our ability to recall things we have experienced Sensory memory The stimulation of our sensory nerves by factors in the environment Short term memory (working memory) Sensory memory information is relayed to the hippocampus; the info is briefly stored and processed Long term memory The permanent part of memory that contains everything that we know Approaches to teaching english to non-english speaking children *Total Immersion *Bilingual education *English as a second language (ESL) Total Immersion: Immediately placing non-English speaking child into an all-English-speaking class Bilingual education part of class day is taught in english and other half of class is taught in a second language English as a second language (ESL) Students spend a small part of the school day in a separate English language learning class No child left behind act old 2001: Teachers and school administrators are held accountable for the academic performance of their students; schools will lose funding and teachers/administrators could be fired if high numbers of students are consistently failing Why is the peer group so important during middle childhood? Kids who are accepted by their peers tend to have better outcomes than those who are not ассepted What factors affect how a child sees him/herself, and how he/she interacts with peers? *Social Comparison *The culture of children Social Comparison Kids tend to judge themselves based on the standards of their peers The culture of children Rules that kids set up for each other Dictates how to dress Dictates how to behave Free from adult input It frowns upon snitching or being a tattle-tale (telling the adults what you're doing) What are the 3 types of unpopular children? * Neglected * Aggressive-rejected * Withdrawn-rejected Neglected type They are ignored or not noticed by their peers; they are not bullied Aggressive-rejected type They are rejected for being an aggressive bully Withdrawn-rejected type They are rejected by peers and are also bully victims