OTH 509: Final Exam

OTH 509: Final Exam Neuropathology of Alzheimer's Disease Beta amyloid plaques and tau-based neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) Over the past several years tauopathy (NFTs) have been found to be most robust predictors of clinical syndrome Additionally, recent research has also found problematic inflammation and immune-related issues in AD Typically pathology starts in medial temporal lobe and progresses laterally, posteriorly, and anteriorly Retrograde amnesia (RA) loss of memories from our past Anterograde amnesia (AA) an inability to form new memories Alzheimer's disease (AD) ELEVATED levels of depression & anxiety behavioral dysregulation inability to store new information has insidious onset/slow build up over time Risk factors for Alzheimers older age female lower education APOE-4 status history of TBI History of mental illness history of ETOH abuse T or F: Alzheimer's is the most common form of dementia. True Typical age of onset of Alzheimer's 70-75 years old Risk factors for Lewi-body dementia age men family history Lewi-body dementia age of onset mid-50s to late 60s Lewy Body Dementia (LBD) presents as fluctuating cognition with pronounced variation in attention and alertness recurrent visual hallucinations REM sleep behavior disorder More spontaneous cardinal features of Parkinsonism (bradykinesia, rest tremor, rigidity) What are the 3 types of frontotemporal dementia? behavioral variant semantic dementia primary progressive aphasia Frontotemporal Dementia: BEHAVIORAL VARIANT could present as socially inappropriate behavior loss of manners impulsive apathy/interia diminished social interest or response to people's feelings simple repetitive movements complex compulsive behaviors altered food preferences binge eating or consumption of inedible objects deficits in executive tasks (including episodic memory and visuospatial skills) Frontotemporal Dementia: SEMANTIC DEMENTIA onset and gradual progression language disorder characterized by progresssive empty spontaneous speech loss of word meaning manifested by impaired naming or comprehension or semantic paraphasias loss of sympathy and empathy parsimony absent or late primitive reflexes akinesia rigidity tremors Prevalence and risk factors for frontotemporal dementia: 5-9% of all diagnosed dementia cases Age gender (MF) history of psychiatric diagnosis family history of FTLD Describe treatment principles for management of dementia and name common drugs Galantamine, rivastigmine, and donepezil are cholinesterase inhibitors that are prescribed for mild to moderate Alzheimer's symptoms. These drugs may help reduce or control some cognitive and behavioral symptoms. T or F: Dementia has no cure, so best of course of action is to mange symptoms (agitation and paranoia resulting from dementia can be treated with medication) True What do SNARE proteins do? assist in the specific binding of the vesicle membrane to the cell membrane, SPECIFICALLY v-SNAREs on the vesicle and t-SNAREs on the cell membrane What is SNARE proteins role at the synapse? Botulism ( a type of bacteria) destroy certain of the SNARE proteins in the presynaptic terminals, critical for neurotransmitter release Describe Metatrophic Receptors: G mediated receptors (SLOWER)