Fundamentals of Diverse Learners-WGU D096 Solved Questions And Answers!!

What Is progress monitoring used for? Monitoring Academic and Behavior progress What Age is progress monitoring usually used for? Elementary students. But it can be conducted effectively at any age. CBM (Curriculum Based Measurement) Includes instruments or probes. Has a short sample from the curriculum. Includes items from across the curriculum to provide a representative indicator of the students skills. It provides immediate info about how the student is mastering skills being taught at the moment. What is the major difference between Tier 2 and 3 of support in MTSS Tier 3 provides more instructional time but it also provides smaller groups. Targets precise objectives at appropriate levels, systematic instruction, extensive opportunities for practices, and increased error correction and feedback opportunities. Tier 3 level of support --Intensive-- The most intensive level of support provided (in addition to tier 1). This intervention is geared toward skill growth and acquisition much more narrowly focused. Tier 2 level of support --Targeted-- Small group intervention provided to students in addition to tier 1 support ( Targeted areas of need) Tier 1 level of support --Core-- Whole class instruction using evidence-based general education strategies What is one function of the home language survey for language students Determines the potential need for a language assistance program Once students are ID'd as potential EL's what is the process? They must be assessed with a valid and reliable assessment to determine if they qualify for EL services A teacher observes disruptive behavior among a number of students, what should she do? Reduce long delays between activities to hold students attention What type of differentiation is address in an IEP where a student need to sit near the teacher in the first or second row? Environment What curriculum adjustment will help students who are bored in class? Adjust assignments to include student interest What is a student able to do in Early Production? Basic vocab Know up to 1000 words What differentiation method is a teacher using when offering reading materials at different reading levels to students? Content What is a student able to do in the preproduction stage? Practice pronouncing words Basic vocab Know up to 500 words Stages of Second Language Acquisition 1. Preproduction 2. Early Production 3. Speech Emergence 4. Intermediate Fluency 5. Advanced Fluency Explicit Instruction An instructional strategy that emphasizes group instruction. The instruction offered should include a great deal of teacher-student interactivity. The teacher models the behaviors taught Explicit instruction and implicit instruction Two distinct methods of providing instruction to diverse students and these are used for various student groups depending on the functioning level and the subject area Systematic Instruction A carefully planned sequence for instruction, similar to a builder's blueprint for a house. A blueprint is carefully thought out and designed before building materials are gathered and construction begins. The plan for instruction that is systematic is carefully thought out, strategic, and designed before activities and lessons are planned. Instruction is across the five components (phonemic awareness, phonics, fluency, vocabulary, and comprehension). For systematic instruction, lessons build on previously taught information, from simple to complex. 3 characteristics of systematic instruction Goal based Supported and scaffolded Logically sequenced Progress Monitoring Tests that keep the teacher informed about the child's progress in learning to read during the school year. They are a quick sample of critical reading skills that will tell the teacher if the child is making adequate progress toward grade level reading ability at the end of the year. Curriculum Based Measurement Used to measure the growth of student's proficiency in the core skills that contribute to success in school Differentiated Instruction Practice of individualizing instructional methods, and possibly also individualizing specific content and instructional goals, to align with each student's existing knowledge, skills, and needs. Differentiated assessment Allows more accurate measurement of what students know, it can provide valuable information about learning profiles and preferences. Speech Emergence Continues gaining vocabulary, communicates using words with high semantic context, nouns, verbs, and adjectives, understands more than they can communicate, more effectively in face-to-face interactions. knows up to 3000 words Co-teaching In co-teaching arrangements, two or more teachers teach together in the same classroom where students benefit from each teacher's specialty (e.g., a regular and a special education teacher working with regular students and students with a specific disability such as hearing impairments). Acculturation The adoption of cultural traits, such as language, by one group under the influence of another. Retention Refers to the ability to keep aspects of ones culture, while adjusting to a new culture The most common issue with implementing co-teaching effectively in school? Lack of planning time Team Teaching Teachers share the responsibility for two or more classes, dividing up the subject areas between them. Only 1 teacher speaks at a time Collaborative teaching General Ed and Special Ed teachers working together to meet the needs of special needs students Alternative co-teaching Allows a teacher to specifically target the terminology or concept, before moving on to the next portion of class time, i.e. lab work 2 ways teachers can intentionally lessen implicit biases in the classroom 1. Make connections with people from cultures other than their own 2. Model how to talk about culture and diversity in a positive and transformative way Implicit bias A hidden, automatic attitude that may guide behaviors independent of a person's awareness or control Assimilation The social process of absorbing one cultural group into harmony with another Cultural Transition Individuals entering a new culture and the natural changes that take place within that transition. Formative Assessment Assessment used throughout teaching of a lesson and/or unit to gauge students' understanding and inform and guide teaching 4 characteristics of feedback for students Timely Respectful Constructive Goal-Oriented Scaffolding Adjusting the support offered during a teaching session to fit the child's current level of performance It is an important part of systematic instruction Which instructional strategy should a teacher use to begin a lesson when unsure about how much students already know? Build students background knowledge Differentiation Involves adapting instruction to meet the needs of each learner Task analysis The process of breaking a complex skill or series of behaviors into smaller, teachable units; also refers to the results of this process. Systematic Instruction Teaching that involves instructional prompts, consequences, or reinforcement, for performance, and transfer of stimulus control. It is usually used with individuals in SPED Why would a teacher use visual cues, timers, and checklists for students with ADHD and those who are easily frustrated or distracted? Because the teacher knows some students behaviors are due to a disability or boredom in the classroom Equity The state or quality of being just, fair, or impartial; fair and equal treatment; something that is fair Equity Pedagogy The use of teaching techniques that facilitate the academic success of students from different ethnic and social class groups What is the fundamental cultural purpose of language outside of communication? Identity What is a characteristic of students who are learning a second language Students who practice the second language in academic settings learn the academic language faster. Who is responsible for creating assessments in a co-teaching classroom Both teachers 504 Plan Accommodation plan for students with disabilities who don't qualify for special needs services Characteristics of 504 *Does not require a formal detailed plan *Contains explicit language protecting individuals with disability's from harassments or retaliation based on their disability *No age limit Title III Requires Ell's to receive equal numbers of textbooks and other resources as their English speaking peers Title 3 addresses EL's and what other students? Migrant children and youth Which ethnic group do a majority of second language learners represent? Hispanic and Latino What accommodation should an EL student receive whether they have a disability or not? Modified testing and requirements- due to EL status What law would apply to student with educational disabilities? *IDEA *Title III What is one type of English language instruction program or model for EL's? Pullout instruction Pullouts A service that involves the student leaving the classroom to receive specialized instruction. Pullout programs School programs that allow gifted children to leave the regular classroom for certain periods of the day or week for advanced learning in a particular subject area along with social opportunities with peers. What is a resource provided by section 504? Accommodation and modification due to a disability Which attitude towards mistakes help student develop self-efficacy? Mistakes are an opportunity for a student to learn Self-Efficacy One's belief in his or her own ability. Does a student medical diagnosis determine whether the student qualify for SPED and related services? No. *A medical diagnosis does not automatically qualify a student for SPED. *A student diagnosis is just one part of the evaluation process. *The Evaluation process will aid in determining the characteristics of the student's disability and the impact it has on his/her education. The disability category with the highest percentage of children served under IDEA is.... 1 Specific learning Disability 34% 2 Speech and Language 19% 3 Other health impairment 14% 4 Autism 10% 5 Developmental Delay 7% How do ELL learn best? EL's learn best in collaborative and cooperative classes where they can practice using American Standard English What is a characteristic of English Learners *They Progress through developmental stages of second language acquisition. *English learners learn best in collaborative and cooperative classes where they can practice using American Standard English. IEP Individualized Education Program What should a teacher do with a student with an IEP Read the IEP to help understand each students behavior and how they should be handled SEA State Education Agency LEA *Local Education Agency *In Important and required team member of each students IEP team Manifestation Determination A determination that a student's misbehavior is or is not a manifestation of a disability Manifestation Determination Review When behaviors occur, the IEP team must involve school administrators and parents in order to determine whether the misbehaviors is a manifestation of the student's disability, or whether it resulted from the school's failure to appropriately implement the IEP Repeated fighting with peers might be cause for what disciplinary action? SPED/IEP/504 students Manifestation Determination Hearing LRE (Least Restrictive Environment) The concept that a child with a disability must be educated in a setting that is as similar as possible to the one in which children who do not have a disability are educated. Inclusion Educating a child with special education needs, in a full-time mainstream classroom. Mainstreaming Practice of placing children with special needs in regular classroom settings, with the support of professionals who provide special education services IDEA Individuals with Disabilities Education Act The team that writes IEP's or 504 plans must include..... *Special education teacher- they oversee the writing of the IEP's but the entire team is responsible for seeing that those plans are followed *Also included are: Administrators, teachers, assistants, parents, therapist, psychologist Characteristics of IEP *Provides additional funding to states for eligible students *Limited to students with educational needs Which task must both co-teacher undertake in co-teaching everyday Planning instruction Flexible Paced learning Faster students' are given the facility to compete extension tasks and it gives other students the opportunity to complete their exercise at a more comfortable speed. A students supports and services are based on... *His/Her unique needs, not the educational disability category specifically. *SPED qualification testing will provide a more in-depth understanding of the student's strength and needs MTSS Multi-Tiered System of Support Key elements of MTSS Universal screening Progress monitoring Data-Based decision-making School-wide support Family involvement Multi-Tiered System of Support (MTSS) Leveled or differentiated academic or behavior approaches to teaching and learning. These generally include primary (for all students), secondary (for some students), and tertiary (for a few students) supports/interventions. Out-of-level testing Students in one grade level are assessed with tests that are designed for students in another grade level. Pre-Post performance based assessment Type of assessment that tests learning over time instead of as an end result. (Knowledge and skill acquisition) It provides baseline data on a learning objective and can show growth in knowledge and skill post instruction Qualitative and Quantitative The two types of assessments that are observation and data or numbers based Product Based Assessment Evaluates a students holistic understanding of learning through a specific outcome or project Holistic Dealing with something as a whole rather than by its individual parts Do falderal laws fund and regulate education for gifted and talented students? No. Programs and services supporting these students vary widely from state to state and even district to district. Culturally Responsive Teaching A method of embracing students' cultural backgrounds by modifying classroom conditions or activities to include elements that relate to the students' culture. Culturally Relevant Pedagogy Excellent teaching for students from visible minorities that includes academic success and developing/maintaining cultural competence and critical consciousness to challenge the status quo. Tiered Instruction The teacher offers the same core content to each student but provides varying levels of support for students. Content Mastery Refers to students' ability to demonstrate mastery of subject-area knowledge on academic measures How can data be used to change teaching practices for students who underperformed on formative exams? By temporarily decreasing demands and helping build their content mastery Formative Evaluation Evaluation conducted before or during instruction to facilitate instructional planning and enhance students' learning. What would allow gifted and talented students the ability to showcase their best work and provide insights into their progress over time? Portfolios Portfolios Collections of student work representing a selection of performance. A portfolio may be a folder containing a student's best pieces and the student's evaluation of the strengths and weaknesses of the pieces. A student gets easily confused when completing complex tasks or answering multi part questions. What can the teacher do to provide a differentiated assessment? Designing Tiered Activities Tier 1 Instruction Encompasses whole-school quality differentiated instruction and support for all students. Tier 2 Instruction Instruction in small group sessions that provide extra practice of targeted skills and content covered in Tier 1 Tier 3 Instruction Highly intensive instruction matched to the individual needs of students who continue to struggle, despite well delivered evidence-based instruction in Tier 2. What differentiation strategy has been applied to a student with a movement impairment that is given extra time and adaptive techniques to answer a question? Multiple means of action Why is it difficult to assess gifted and talented students? Students can be gifted and talented in many different ways Accommodation vs. Modification An accommodation changes how a student learns the material. A modification changes what a student is taught or expected to learn Accommodation vs. Assimilation Accommodation: existing mental structures & behaviors are modified to adapt to new experiences. Assimilation: new ideas & experiences are absorbed & incorporated intro existing mental structures & behaviors 504 Plan is governed by what kind of law? Civil Rights law What does an IEP cover *Requires public schools to provide SPED to eligible students *Covers 13 specific disability categories *Not everyone who struggles in school qualifies Goverening differences of IEP and 504 plan *IEP governed by the Dept. of ED. *504 plan governed by the US office of civil rights A student performs well on math but often struggles on reading assignments, what could be a reason for this? The student may have a learning disability Learning Disabilities Difficulties in the acquisition and use of listening, speaking, reading, writing, reasoning, or mathematical abilities Who must give input in the IDEA plaement program? *Parents *Student *Teachers *............ Decision regarding IEP goals Goals can change to reflect the students progress relative to program goals An ELL student was placed in the SPED program, it was determined later that this student was incorrectly placed in the program. The student was Id'd as having a learning disorder before being assessed as a second language learner After finishing a unit about famous explorers the teacher asks ELs to make a poster about a famous explorer- What instructional practice is the teacher using to support language development? Scaffolding A class is given a reading assignment with words that EL's are not likely to know- how can the teacher help students understand? Pointing to pictures that depict the word Cognitive Academic Language Proficiency (CALP) Refers to formal academic learning. This includes listening, speaking, reading, and writing about subject area content material. This level of language learning is essential for students to succeed in school. Students need time and support to become proficient in academic areas. This usually takes from five to seven years. Recent research has shown that if a child has no prior schooling or has no support in native language development, it may take seven to ten years for ELLs to catch up to their peers. Sheltered Immersion *Used in secondary grades *Subjects are taught in English *Simple vocabulary is used Structured Immersion Structured immersion programs focus on developing second language abilities of students who speak a minority language (Spanish speakers learning English). Structured immersion programs can easily become submersion programs because they rely heavily on the use of English over developing or maintaining the first language. A student spends half the day learning in their native language and the other half of the day learning in English- What EL program is this student enrolled in? Dual Immersion Word Wall An alphabetized chart posted in the classroom listing words students are learning A teacher has a word wall with terms posted and asks students to write sentences using 2 words from the wall- What strategy is the teacher using? Reinforcing language Krashen's 5 hypotheses *Natural Order Hypothesis *Acquisition/ Learning Hypothesis *Monitor Hypothesis *Input Hypothesis *Affective Filter Hypothesis Acquisition-Learning Hypothesis Krashen-States that there are two independent ways in which we develop our linguistic skills: acquisition and learning. Acquisition of language is a subconscious process and the learner is unaware of the process taking place. Once the new knowledge has been acquired, the learner is actually unaware of possessing such knowledge. This is analogous to the way in which children learn their native language. Consequently, if we accept the hypothesis then we need to spend more time using real language with our students as opposed to teaching them explicit grammar rules. Monitor Hypothesis Krashen-learning is a concious process and used to monitor spoken or written output Natural Order Hypothesis Krashen- grammatical structures aquired in a predictable order, independent of the order grammar is taught Input Hypothesis Krashen-Argues that learners progress along the natural order only when they encounter second language input that is one step beyond where they are in the natural order Affective Filter Hypothesis Krashen-Describes external factors that can act as a filter that impedes acquisition, such as motivation level, self-confidence level, and anxiety