Bioinstrumentation
, xi
Table of Contents
Preface vii
James H. Wandersee
Foreword
John R. Snyder
Part I: Separation and Identification
Chapter 1
Electrophoresis 1
Terry S. LeGrand and Tak Yee Aw
Chapter 2
Chromatographic Techniques 19
Suzanne Childers Huth
Chapter 3
Immunologic Methods 37
Selvestion Jimes
Chapter 4
Flow Cytometry 55
Bridget L. Langley
Chapter 5
Centrifugation of Biomolecules 71
Martha M. Juban and Mary D. Barkley
Part II: Observation
Chapter 6
Advancements in Light Microscopy 91
Elaine Cox
Chapter 7
Transmission Electron Microscopy 119
Jerry A. White and Merton F. Brown
Chapter 8
Scanning Electron Microscopy 135
Merton F. Brown and Jerry A. White
,Part III: Spectroscopy
Chapter 9
Absorption Spectroscopy 145
John S. Davis
Chapter 10
Fluorescence Spectroscopy 161
Alan Abbott
Chapter 11
Cross-sectional Medical Imaging 181
Mardjohan Hardjasudanna
Chapter 12
Introduction to Infrared Spectroscopy 199
Gary Lyon
Part IV: Biological Tracing and Sensing
Chapter 13
Radionuclides 223
Kenneth E. Griswold, Jr.
Part V: Manipulation of Biological Molecules
Chapter 14
Recombinant DNA 243
John Staczek
Chapter 15
The Polymerase Chain Reaction 267
Lynda A. Britton
Chapter 16
Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms (RFLPs) 291
Janice Matthews-Greer
Internet Directory 325
Index 326
, xiii
Foreword
Over the last four decades, two key factors have spurred the growth of bioinstru-
mentation: rapid advances in technology and demands by scientists to observe, measure,
and manipulate biological structures. Teams of biologists, chemists, engineers, physicists,
and computer programmers have repeatedly met the challenges of developing and adap-
ting technology to automation. The bioinstrumentation described in this book illustrates
the merging of biotechnology and automation.
Past experiences in developing bioinstrumentation are indeed prologue to the
future. In the 1950s, classic techniques of quantitative analytical biochemistry formed
the basis of instrumentation. Simple photometers recorded percent transmission of light
through a substance to measure analytics. Rigid conformance to protocol and pipetting
or measuring skills were as crucial as the instrumentation to the quality of results. In the
1960s and 1970s, cost effectiveness and ease of training to ensure technology transfer
became important goals for evolving instrumentation. The latter 1970s heralded the be-
ginning of computer-driven instrumentation and robotics to support operator adherence
ll to protocols and to replace some of the manual support techniques, like pipetting. The
growth that continued through the 1980s has led to an era of consolidation and re-
trenchment by developers of bioinstrumentation. Because of the significant investment
and long years of development before new bioinstrumentation is marketable, the fi-
nancial impact is carefully assessed before a product is launched.
ll
Bioinstrumentation of the future will increasingly require an integration of the
sciences and engineering. Noninvasive technologies such as biosensors, which do not
require disruption of the organism during observation, measuring, and manipulation, will
be developed. Computer interface with instrumentation will increasingly assist the user.
Precision and accuracy of analyses will continue to be hallmarks for quality in bioin-
strumentation, but cost and technology transfer will justifiably be forces in determining
the instrumentation of the future.
The editors of this book have amassed a cadre of very talented authors, experts
in specific areas of bioinstrumentation. The book is appropriately divided into categories
of biotechnology and instrumentation. These are readily viewed as core technologies. For
the user of this text, this is an important premise since adaptations of current bioinstru-
mentation, as well as the evolution of next generations of bioinstrumentation, will be
based on an understanding of these core technologies.
I
I John R. Snyder, Ph.D.
11
N.
1-3
, xi
Table of Contents
Preface vii
James H. Wandersee
Foreword
John R. Snyder
Part I: Separation and Identification
Chapter 1
Electrophoresis 1
Terry S. LeGrand and Tak Yee Aw
Chapter 2
Chromatographic Techniques 19
Suzanne Childers Huth
Chapter 3
Immunologic Methods 37
Selvestion Jimes
Chapter 4
Flow Cytometry 55
Bridget L. Langley
Chapter 5
Centrifugation of Biomolecules 71
Martha M. Juban and Mary D. Barkley
Part II: Observation
Chapter 6
Advancements in Light Microscopy 91
Elaine Cox
Chapter 7
Transmission Electron Microscopy 119
Jerry A. White and Merton F. Brown
Chapter 8
Scanning Electron Microscopy 135
Merton F. Brown and Jerry A. White
,Part III: Spectroscopy
Chapter 9
Absorption Spectroscopy 145
John S. Davis
Chapter 10
Fluorescence Spectroscopy 161
Alan Abbott
Chapter 11
Cross-sectional Medical Imaging 181
Mardjohan Hardjasudanna
Chapter 12
Introduction to Infrared Spectroscopy 199
Gary Lyon
Part IV: Biological Tracing and Sensing
Chapter 13
Radionuclides 223
Kenneth E. Griswold, Jr.
Part V: Manipulation of Biological Molecules
Chapter 14
Recombinant DNA 243
John Staczek
Chapter 15
The Polymerase Chain Reaction 267
Lynda A. Britton
Chapter 16
Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms (RFLPs) 291
Janice Matthews-Greer
Internet Directory 325
Index 326
, xiii
Foreword
Over the last four decades, two key factors have spurred the growth of bioinstru-
mentation: rapid advances in technology and demands by scientists to observe, measure,
and manipulate biological structures. Teams of biologists, chemists, engineers, physicists,
and computer programmers have repeatedly met the challenges of developing and adap-
ting technology to automation. The bioinstrumentation described in this book illustrates
the merging of biotechnology and automation.
Past experiences in developing bioinstrumentation are indeed prologue to the
future. In the 1950s, classic techniques of quantitative analytical biochemistry formed
the basis of instrumentation. Simple photometers recorded percent transmission of light
through a substance to measure analytics. Rigid conformance to protocol and pipetting
or measuring skills were as crucial as the instrumentation to the quality of results. In the
1960s and 1970s, cost effectiveness and ease of training to ensure technology transfer
became important goals for evolving instrumentation. The latter 1970s heralded the be-
ginning of computer-driven instrumentation and robotics to support operator adherence
ll to protocols and to replace some of the manual support techniques, like pipetting. The
growth that continued through the 1980s has led to an era of consolidation and re-
trenchment by developers of bioinstrumentation. Because of the significant investment
and long years of development before new bioinstrumentation is marketable, the fi-
nancial impact is carefully assessed before a product is launched.
ll
Bioinstrumentation of the future will increasingly require an integration of the
sciences and engineering. Noninvasive technologies such as biosensors, which do not
require disruption of the organism during observation, measuring, and manipulation, will
be developed. Computer interface with instrumentation will increasingly assist the user.
Precision and accuracy of analyses will continue to be hallmarks for quality in bioin-
strumentation, but cost and technology transfer will justifiably be forces in determining
the instrumentation of the future.
The editors of this book have amassed a cadre of very talented authors, experts
in specific areas of bioinstrumentation. The book is appropriately divided into categories
of biotechnology and instrumentation. These are readily viewed as core technologies. For
the user of this text, this is an important premise since adaptations of current bioinstru-
mentation, as well as the evolution of next generations of bioinstrumentation, will be
based on an understanding of these core technologies.
I
I John R. Snyder, Ph.D.
11
N.
1-3
