Anatomy and Physiology- Chapter 1 questions and answers 2022

Anatomy and Physiology- Chapter 1 questions and answers 2022Anatomy study of the structure of body parts and their relationships to one another Physiology study of the function of the body- how the body parts work together 00:02 01:08 Gross Anatomy the study of large body structures visible to the naked eye Microscopic Anatomy anatomy of structures too small to be seen without the aid of a microscope Cellular Anatomy considers the cells of the body Histology Considers the tissues of the body Developmental Anatomy traces the structural changes in individual from conception through old age Pathological Anatomy study of gross and microscopic structural changes in the body caused by disease Radiographic Anatomy the study of internal structures of the body by means of x-ray images Molecular biology the study of the structure of biological molecules that provide the fundamental link between structure and function Topics of physiology Renal physiology, Neurophysiology, Cardiac physiology, other organ system physiology. Superior towards the head end or upper part of structure of the body 00:02 01:08 Inferior Away from the head end or towards the lower part of a structure of the body; below Anterior towards or at the front of the body; in front of Posterior towards or at the back of the body; behind Medial towards or at the midline of the body; on the inner side of Lateral away from the midline of the body; on the outer side of Intermediate between a more medial and a more lateral structure Proximal closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk Distal farther from the origin of a body part of the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk Superficial (external) towards or at the body surface Deep (internal) away from the body surface; more internal Levels of Structural Organization Circulatory System ( Cardiovascular System) blood vessels transport blood, which carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes, etc.. heart pumps blood Respiratory System keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide the gaseous exchanges occur through the walls o the air sacs of the lungs Nervous Systems fast-acting control system of the body; responds to internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands. Oral and Digestive Cavity teeth and tongue Nasal cavity part of the respiratory system passageways Orbital cavities eyes Middle ear cavities auditory bones Synovial cavities joint cavities with synovial fluid for joint lubrication Abdominopelvic Regions Umbilical, Epigastric, Hypograstic, Iliac (right/left), Lumbar (right/left), Hypochondriac The Four Abdominopelvic Quadrants Right Upper, Left Upper, Right Lower, Left Lower Urinary System eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body, regulates water, electrolyte and acid-base balance of the blood Digestive System breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to body cells; indigestible food are eliminated as feces Integumentary System forms the external body covering; protects deeper tissues from injury; synthesizes vitamin D; sight of cutaneous ( pain, pressure, etc) receptors and sweat and oil glands Skeletal System protects and supports body organs; provides a framework the muscles use to cause moment. blood cells are formed within bones; stores minerals Muscular System allows manipulation of the environment locomotion and facial expression, maintains posture and produces heat Endocrine System glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction and nutrient use (metabolism) by body cells Lymphatic System/Immunity picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and return it to blood, disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream, houses white blood cells (lymphocytes) involved in immunity. the immune response mounts to attack against foreign substances within the body Serous Membranes Dorsal and Ventral Body Cavities and their Subdivisions Homeostasis maintenance of stable internal conditions; dynamic state of equilibrium Homeostatic Control Mechanism Negative Feedback Mechanism 1. Opposite directional change 2. Decrease in orignial stimulus 3. Nervous system controls 4. Endocrine system controls 5. Other system controls Regional Terms (Posterior View) Body Planes and Sections Positive Feedback Mechanism 1. Same directional change 2. Increase in original stimulus 3. Cascade effect 4. Cardiovascular system control 5. Reproductive system control Anatomical Position Body facing forward; Palms facing out; thumbs pointing away from body Regional Terms ( Anterior View) Respiration Involves both the respiratory and the circulatory systems Four processes that supply the body with O2 and dispose of CO2 - Pulmonary ventilation (breathing): movement of air into and out of the lungs - External respiration: O2 and CO2 exchange between the lungs and the blood - Transport: O2 and CO2 in the blood - Internal respiration: O2 and CO2 exchange between systemic blood vessels and tissues Respiratory System: Functional Anatomy Major organs - Nose, nasal cavity, and paranasal sinuses - Pharynx - Larynx - Trachea - Bronchi and their branches - Lungs and alveoli