Chapter 1-4 Anatomy and Physiology questions and answers 100% correct

Chapter 1-4 Anatomy and Physiology questions and answers 100% correctAnatomy the study of the structure of the body Physiology the study of the function of the body Chemical level represents the atoms and molecules that make up cells (Consists of Atomic level and molecular level) Cellular level represents the basic unit of all living things Tissue level a group of cells with similar or common function Organ level a group of tissues with similar or common function Organ system level a group of organs with similar or common function Organismic level the entire body consisting of the various organ systems. Integumentary System controls body temperature & protects body from environmental hazards Skeletal System supports body, protects soft body parts, stores minerals, forms blood cells Muscular System movement, support and produces heat Nervous System controls immediate responses to stimuli Endocrine System controls long-term responses in body Cardiovascular System internal transport of nutrients, wastes, oxygen, carbon dioxide and cells Lymphatic & Immune Systems defense, immunity and returns lost fluids to cardiovascular system Respiratory System exchange of air and delivery of blood gases to/from tissues Digestive System ingestion, breakdown and absorption of food & elimination of indigestible wastes Urinary System filtration of blood to maintain proper water and salt balance and to eliminate waste products Reproductive System produces sex cells and hormones related to reproduction homeostasis condition in which body's internal environment remains within certain narrow physiological limits homeostatic regulation adjustment of physiological system to maintain homeostasis receptor monitors change in controlled condition (stimulus) and sends input to control center control (integration) center receives input from receptor & determines appropriate response effector cell or organ that receives information (output) from control center and produces a response (effect) interactions of a feedback system stimulus -> receptor -> input (afferent pathway) -> control center -> output (efferent pathway) -> response positive feedback the response by the effector to the initial change is to further exaggerate the change. Example in labor contractions, the contraction of the uterus forces the baby towards the birth canal, which places pressure on the cervix; the pressure of the baby against the cervix causes uterine contraction, etc. ... Negative feedback the response by the effector to the initial change is to counter or reduce that change, thus bringing the system back to its "normal" state. Example When blood sugar level rises, the pancreas secretes insulin which causes the cells of the body to take in glucose, thus removing glucose from the blood and lowering blood sugar level. ... Anatomical position patient is erect, feet apart and palms facing anteriorly Cephalic = head Cranial upper portion of head surrounding brain Facial face cervical neck thoracic chest axillary armpit acromial point of shoulder deltoid fleshy portion of shoulder brachial upper arm antebrachial forearm antecubital front of elbow carpal wrist manual hand digital (phalangeal) fingers or toes abdominal region of trunk between diaphragm and pelvis dorsal back lumbar lower back olecranol back of elbow pelvic pelvis pubic anterior pelvis inguinal junction of trunk and thighs (groin) gluteal buttocks femoral thigh patellar front of knee popliteal back of knee crural anterior of lower leg (shin) sural posterior of lower leg (calf) tarsal ankle pedal foot plantar bottom of foot superior ( cephalic = cranial) = towards the head inferior ( caudal) = away from the head anterior (ventral) towards the front posterior (dorsal) towards the back medial towards the midline lateral away from the midline proximal towards the point of attachment (limbs) distal away from the point of attachment (limbs) superficial towards the surface (i.e., skin) deep away from the surface Sagittal separates the body into right and left parts Midsaggital median = separates the body into equal right and left parts Parasaggital separates the body into unequal right and left parts Frontal coronal = separates the body into anterior and posterior parts Transverse horizontal - cross-sectional -separates the body into superior and inferior parts . ... dorsal body The two major cavities of the body are the dorsal body cavity and the ventral body cavity. ventral body The organs in the ventral body cavity are surrounded by serous membranes which allow for organ movement. There are no serous membranes in he dorsal body cavity. The dorsal body cavity surrounds the brain and spinal cord. It is separated into two subdivisions the cranial cavity surrounds the brain and the spinal cavity surrounds the spinal cord. The ventral body cavity includes the thoracic cavity and the abdominopelvic cavity. The thoracic cavity is the cavity superior to the diaphragm and the abdominopelvic cavity is inferior to the diaphragm. The thoracic cavity is further subdivided into two pleural cavities, which contain the lungs, one pericardial cavity, which contains the heart, and the mediastinum, which is the central region of the thoracic cavity containing the esophagus and trachea. ... The abdominopelvic cavity is separated into two regions, which are not truly separated from one another in the body. ... These are the abdominal cavity, which contains primarily the digestive organs and the pelvic cavity, which contains primarily the reproductive and urinary organs. Serous membranes (also called serosae) are found within the ventral body cavity. They consist of two layers of membrane with fluid =(called serous fluid) in between the two layers. The inner layer which is closest to the organ, is called the visceral layer. ... The outer layer which is closest to the body wall, is called the parietal layer. Pleura serous membranes surrounding lungs parietal pleura outer serous membrane surrounding lungs visceral pleura inner serous membrane surrounding lungs Pericardium serous membranes surrounding heart parietal percardium outer serous membrane surrounding heart visceral pericardium inner serous membrane surrounding heart Peritoneum serous membranes lining organs in the abdominopelvic cavity (surrounding digestive, reproductive and urinary organs) ... parietal peritoneum outer serous membrane surrounding organs in the abdominopelvic region visceral peritoneum inner serous membrane surrounding organs in the abdominopelvic region Imagine drawing a cross in the abdominopelvic region with the lines intersecting at the umbilicus. These represent the quadrants. Remember when naming the quadrants and regions that right and left refer to the patient's right and left. The quadrants are as follows ... Right Upper Quadrant Left Upper Quadrant ... Right Lower Quadrant Left Lower Quadrant ... Now imagine drawing a "tic tac toe" in the abdominopelvic region with the umbilicus in the center of the middle square. The nine regions are as follows ... Right Hypochondriac Epigastric Left Hypochondriac ... Right Lumbar Umbilical Left Lumbar ... Right Iliac Hypogastric Left Iliac ... oral cavity of mouth digestive cavity inside the digestive tract nasal cavity inside nose orbital cavity around eyes middle ear cavity between eardrum and inner ear synovial cavity surrounding some types of joints Matter is anything that occupies space and has mass. The three states of matter are solid, liquid and gas. How do they differ from each other They differ from one another primarily in the distance between molecules and the motion of molecules. In gases molecules are far apart there is a lot of motion. Liquids have less movement of molecules and shorter distances between molecules than gases. Solids have less movement of molecules and shorter distances between molecules than liquids. Element building blocks of matter; each element is unique in its atomic structure and has its own unique properties Atom building blocks or basic units of elements Subatomic particle the particles that make up an atom; i.e., protons, neutrons and electrons Proton positively charged subatomic particle that resides in the nucleus of an atom neutron uncharged subatomic particle that resides in the nucleus of an atom electron negatively charged subatomic particle that resides in the energy levels (shells) of an atom Ionic bonds occur when one atoms gives electron(s) to another atom. When electrons are transferred, the atom that loses electrons becomes a cation and the atom that gains electrons becomes an anion. The two atoms are then attracted to one another due the attraction of opposite charges. Covalent bonds occur when two atoms share electrons. Because they share electrons, the two atoms are held together. Polar covalent bonds are bonds where electrons are shared unequally. As a result, one side becomes slightly positively charged and the other side becomes slightly negatively charged (and we call this polar). Nonpolar covalent bonds are bonds where electrons are shared equally; there is no separation of charge. Single covalent bonds two atoms share 1 pair of electrons Double covalent bonds two atoms share 2 pair of electrons Triple covalent bonds two atoms share 3 pair of electrons A hydrogen bond is a weak attraction between hydrogen of one molecule (or section of molecule) and the oxygen or nitrogen of one molecule (or section of molecule). Rather than holding atoms together within a molecule like covalent and ionic bonds do, hydrogen bonds typically occur between molecules or regions of a molecule. The attraction is due to the slight positive charge found on hydrogen that is in a polar covalent bond and the slight negative charge found on either oxygen or nitrogen that are also in a polar covalent bond. Reactants are present initially. Products are present after the reaction occurs Metabolism the sum of all chemical reactions in the cell (or body) Kinetic energy energy of particles in motion Potential energy stored energy (bond energy is potential) Exergonic reaction reaction that releases energy (goes from high energy reactants to low energy products and excess energy is released) Endergonic reaction reaction that requires energy (goes from low energy reactants to high energy products) Synthesis reaction building of large molecules from smaller units (usually requires energy); A + B or AB Decomposition reaction break down of large molecules into smaller units (usually releases energy); AB or A + B Exchange reaction exchange of atoms or between reactants (may either release or require energy);AB + CD or AC + BD Reduction-oxidation reactions involve the transfer of electrons from one molecule to another. This type of reaction is often classified as a special type of exchange reaction. Marieb also describes it as a type of decomposition reaction. Metabolism sum of all chemical reactions in the body (or cell). Catabolism metabolic activities that result in breaking down large molecules into smaller components Anabolism metabolic activities that result in build large molecules from smaller components . Organic compounds contain carbon and hydrogen; inorganic compounds do not. properties of water Water is polar which means that there is a partial positive charge near the hydrogens and a partial negative charge near the oxygen. The polarity of water makes it able to conduct an electrical current. It also makes it a good solvent because it can dissolve other polar molecules and ionic compounds (by separating the molecules when the charges (partial for polar and whole for ionic) on this molecule are attracted to the partial charges on the water molecule). Things that dissolve in water are called hydrophilic. Things that do not dissolve in water but are repelled by water are called hydrophobic.