NR503 Epidemiology Final, NR 503 Epi Final, NR 503 Epi Midterm Exam (Graded A)

Common risk factors - ANSWER unhealthy diet, physical inactivity, tobacco use Childhood risk - ANSWER conditions before birth and early in childhood influence health in adult life. Risk accumulation - ANSWER Ageing is an important marker of the accumulation of modifiable risks for chronic disease Underlying determinants - ANSWER a reflection of the major forces driving social, economic, and cultural change. I.e. globalization, urbanization, population ageing, and general policy environment Poverty - ANSWER interconnected with chronic disease in a vicious circle increasing exposure to risks and decreased access to health services Primary prevention - ANSWER aims to prevent disease. I.e. banning hazardous products, educating on healthy/safe habits, immunizations Secondary prevention - ANSWER reduce impact of disease or injury that has already occurred. I.e. screening tests, low-dose ASA, suitably modified work Tertiary prevention - ANSWER aims to soften impact of ongoing illness. I.e. cardiac or stroke rehab, support groups, vocational rehab Cross Cultural Health Care Program (CCHCP) - ANSWER materials to improve cultural competency among health providers to provide healthcare interventions and other cultural variants Marginalization - ANSWER Major cause of vulnerability referring to exposure to a range of possible harms Variables at risk for marginalization - ANSWER high risk health literacy, cultural barriers, low english proficiency Cultural competence - ANSWER a dynamic, fluid, continuous process whereby an individual, system or health care agency find meaningful and useful care delivery strategies based on knowledge of the cultural heritage, beliefs, attitudes, and behavior of those whom they render care Norms & values - ANSWER soecific practices that guide the actions and decisions of each person in a group based on their culture. Can be learned or shared. Kleinman Explanatory Model - ANSWER A set of questions that the APN can use in order to assess the culture of a patient. Socioeconomic status - ANSWER A measure that takes into account three interrelated dimensions: a person's income level, education level, and typ of occupation. Disparities - ANSWER a higher burden of illness, injury, disability, or mortality experiences by one grup relative to another Minorities - ANSWER a group of people who because of their physical or cultural characteristics, are singled out from the other in society Food desert - ANSWER neighborhoods and communities that have limited access to affordable and nutritious foods Social determinants of health - ANSWER poverty, education level, raciam, income, and poor housisng that effect access to healthcare Social justice theory - ANSWER the goal that all people will have equal opportunity to healthcare access and quality of healthcare will be the same Data sources utilized to access determinants of health - ANSWER Healthy People 2020, US Census, US Department of Health and Human Services, Office of Minority Health and Health Disparities Accommodation - ANSWER To create an environment that accomodates health practice and ritual from other cultures within a plan of care Acculturation - ANSWER degree to which an individual from one culture has given up the traits of that culture and adopted the traits of the dominant culture in which they now reside Assimilation - ANSWER the social, economic, and political integration of a cultural group into mainstream society to which it may have emigrated Genetics - ANSWER place patients at higher risk for certain disease and if family history reveals this a screening tool could be used to determine the likelihood of a person developing the disease Genetic risk assessment - ANSWER when a patient is determined to have a gene that places them at a higher risk of having a disease such as cancer, diabetes, or cardiovascular disease Genomics - ANSWER study of all genes in the human genome as well as their interaction with other genes, the individuals environment, and the influence of cultural and psychosocial factors Pharmacogenomics - ANSWER medication efficacy, toxicity, and drug interaction based on genetic variations Components of genetic risk assessment - ANSWER Accurate family history for 3 generations or genetic blood testing to reveal genes Relationship between genetics and environment - ANSWER a patient may have a gene increasing risks of disease while also being exposed to environmental factors that also increase risk for disease. i.e. lung cancer and radon gas Cultural competence - ANSWER A dynamic, fluid, continuous process whereby an individual, system or healthcare agency find meaningful and useful care delivery strategies based in knowledge of the cultural heritage, beliefs, attitudes, and behavior of those to whom they tender care Norms and values - ANSWER Specific practices that guide their actions and decisions of each person in a group based on their culture. Can be either learned or shared. Kleinman Explanatory Model - ANSWER A set of questions the advanced practice nurse can use in order to assess the culture of a patient Socio economic status - ANSWER A measure that takes into account three interrelated dimensions: a persons income level, education level, and type of occupation. Some measures of socioeconomic status use only one dimension such as income. Disparities - ANSWER A higher burden of illness, injury, disability, or mortality experienced by one group in relation to another Minorities - ANSWER A group of people who because of their physical or cultural characteristics are singled out from the others in society; black, Hispanic, Native American, Asian Pacific. Food desert - ANSWER Neighborhoods and communities that have limited access to affordable and nutritious food Social determinants of health - ANSWER Things like poverty, education level, racism, income and poor housing that affect access to healthcare Social justice theory - ANSWER The goal that all people will have equal opportunity to healthcare access and quality of healthcare will be the same Accommodation - ANSWER To create an environment that accommodates health practice and ritual from other cultures within a plan of care Acculturation - ANSWER Degree To which an individual from one culture has given up the traits of that culture and adopted the traits of the dominant culture in which they now reside Assimilation - ANSWER This social, economic, and political integration of a cultural group into main stream society to which it may have emigrated Genetic risk assessment - ANSWER When a patient is determined to get to have a gene that faces them at a higher risk of having a disease such as cancer, diabetes, or cardiovascular disease Genomics - ANSWER The study of all genes in the human genome as well as their interaction with other genes, the individuals environment, and the influence of cultural and psychosocial factors. Pharmacogenomics - ANSWER Medication efficacy, toxicity, and drug interaction based on genetic variations Genetic epidemiology - ANSWER The link between epidemiology and genetic Genetics Non-Discrimination Act - ANSWER Was passed to offer some protection against the potential misuse of genetic information Epidemic - ANSWER Outbreak at a population level Disaster epidemiology - ANSWER The use of epidemiology to assess the short and long term adverse health effects of disasters and to predict consequences of future disasters. It brings together various topic areas of epidemiology including a cute and communicable disease, environmental health, occupational health, chronic disease, injury, mental health, and behavioral health WHO - ANSWER (World Health Organization) specialized agency of the United Nations that is concerned with international public health. The world health organization recognized that international collaboration could control infectious disease better than any single country. Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) - ANSWER Goals resulting from a UN-led effort to end extreme poverty by focusing on 17 key indicators, the top five of which are no poverty, zero hunger, good health, quality education, and gender equality, with key benchmarks for 2030. Universal declaration of human rights - ANSWER All people have the right to a standard of living that guarantees health Call to Action - ANSWER Call for nurses and midwives to assume a leadership role in addressing planetary health because nurses and midwives are the most numerous and most patient centered component of the health workforce. This leader ship begins with educating ourselves, students, staff, patient, and communities about planetary health by engaging in political and policy processes Community health needs assessment - ANSWER Assessing whether or not the region has the community resources that it needs. situation analysis - ANSWER To analyze and identify the relationships among patterns of morbidity, mortality, and disability within the demographic and other factors shaping thecircumstances of the population of a specified community, country, or region. Culture - ANSWER Practices, beliefs, values, norms (can be learned or shared) which guides the actions and decisions of each person in the group. Cultural Organizing Factors - ANSWER Communication, personal space, social organization, time perception, environmental control, and biological variations Macro-scale influences - ANSWER Broad understandings of illness, suffering and healing. Social roles and bureaucratic and economic context of health care services Micro-scale influences - ANSWER Face-to-face interaction at front-lines. Successful and failed communication efforts. cultural awareness - ANSWER An in-depth self-examination of one's own background, recognizing biases, prejudices, and assumptions about other people Cultural Humility - ANSWER incorporates a lifelong commitment to self-evaluation and self-critique, to redressing the power imbalances in the patient-clinician dynamic and to developing mutually beneficial and advocacy partnerships with communities on behalf of individuals and defined populations Cultural Knowledge - ANSWER obtaining a sound educational foundation concerning the various worldviews of different cultures. Obtaining knowledge regarding biological variations, disease, and health conditions and variations in drug metabolism. Cultural Skill - ANSWER Ability to collect culturally relevant data regarding the client's health history and presenting problem and conduct a culturally sensitive assessment. Cultural Desire - ANSWER Motivation of the provider to want to engage in the process of cultural competence, characteristics of compassion, authenticity, humility, openness, availability, and flexibility, commitment, and passion to caring regardless of conflict. 4 principles of cultural competence - ANSWER 1. Caring is designed for the specific client 2. Care is based in the uniqueness of the person's culture and includes cultural norms and values 3. Care includes self-employment strategies to facilitate client decisions making to improve health behaviors. 4. Care is provided with sensitivity and is based on the cultural uniqueness of clients. Cross Cultural Health Care Program - ANSWER Includes a plethora of materials to improve cultural competency among providers including training programs. National Partnership for Action (NPA) - ANSWER Mobilizes individuals and groups to work and improve quality and elimination of health disparities National Priorities Partnership - ANSWER Key private and public stakeholders who have agreed to work on major health priorities of patients and families, palliative and end of life care, care coordination, patient safety, and population of health Quality Alliance Steering Committee (QASC) - ANSWER Work to improve healthcare quality and costs Office of Minority Health and Health Disparities - ANSWER Resources used by APNs to obtain data that demonstrate how minority population compare with the US population as a whole. Ethnicity - ANSWER Aggregate of cultural practices, social influences, religious pursuits, and racial characteristics shaping the distinctive identity of community race - ANSWER A biological designation whereby group members share features (skin color, bone structure, genetic traits, blood groupings). Nationality - ANSWER Country of birth Genetic Evaluation - ANSWER Medical history, testing, counseling, next steps, family risk Pandemic - ANSWER Global epidemic of disease that spreads to more than one continent Outbreak - ANSWER The occurrence of disease within persons in excess of what would normally be expected in a clearly defined community, location, and time of year. Quarantine - ANSWER The separation and restrictions of the movement of people who were or are exposed to a contagious disease for a set period of time, to see whether they become ill. Isolation - ANSWER The separation of sick people with a contagious disease from those who are not ill. Epidemiological Triangle - ANSWER Explains causation Caustive Agent - ANSWER Those factors from which presence or absence cause disease Susceptible host - ANSWER Things such as she, gender, race, immune status, genetics Environment - ANSWER diverse elements such as water, food, neighborhood, pollution Sustainable Development Goals - ANSWER agreement between countries to create an environment at the national and global levels alike conductive to development and the elimination of poverty Climate change - ANSWER due to human activity, trigger global migration, and local relocation due to sea level rise. Population health - ANSWER the health outcomes of a group of individuals, including the distribution of such outcomes within the group. I.e. seatbelt laws, no smoking areas, allergy free schools. Risk reduction - ANSWER the health protection when individuals participate in behaviors that enable then to react to actual or potential threats Assessment - ANSWER the gathering of information abut a patient's physiological, psychological, sociological, and spiritual status. Outcomes - ANSWER an end result that follows some kind of healthcare profession, treatment, or intervention and may describe a patient's condition or health status Public health policy - ANSWER collected laws, regulations, and approaches taken to make a decision including a wide range of topics including health care reform, insurance reform with an eye to individuals who are not covered by an employer or a group, and the prevention and control of communicable diseases. Ethics - ANSWER practices with compassion and respect committed to patient, family, community, and population promoting, advocating, and protecting the rights, health, and safety of the patient. Fairness - ANSWER the state, condition, or qualit