FSOT graded A+ 2022

FSOT graded A+ 2022Mculloch v Maryland - constitution has right to enact laws beneficial to country, in this case, central bank Marbury v Madison - John Marshall enacted judicial review. Was regarding james madisons appointments after he was out of office Gibbons v Ogden - Each had a permit, one federal, and one state, this ruling set up the supremacy clause that federal law takes priority Dred Scott vs Sandford - Each had a permit, one federal, and one state, this ruling set up the supremacy clause that federal law takes priority Charles River Bridge -The responsibility of government is to "sacredly guard" the rights of property for the prosperity of the community. Munn vs Illinois -Companies that serve the public good/interest are subject to regulations by government. This also made it clear that complains on these regulations should be taken to the legislators, not the courts Plessy v. Ferguson, 1896 -Jim Crow laws are constitutional under the doctrine of 'Separate but Equal.' One dissenting opinion came from Marshall Harlan Lochner vs New York Seen as overreach by judges in favor of laizze-faire economics. This ruling struck down the NY law requiring a maximum hours bakers could work, saying that employees have a right to contract. Judges invented novel economic "rights" — most notably "substantive due process" and "liberty of contract" — that they engrafted upon the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. Schenck v. United States, 1919 Speech that presents a "clear and present danger" to the security of the United States is in violation of the principle of free speech as protected by the First Amendment to the Constitution. Based on a man who passed out socialists propaganda telling people not to enlist in warm. It was during time of war and presented "clear and present danger". This stood for half century Near v. Minnesota, 1931 "The liberty of the press is safeguarded from invasion by state action." Although the First Amendment ensures a free press, until this case, it only protected the press from federal laws, not state laws. Minnesota shut down J. M. Near's Saturday Press for publishing vicious antisemitic and racist remarks. In what is regarded as the landmark free press decision, the Court ruled that a state cannot engage in "prior restraint Brown v. Board of Education, 1954 "In the eld of public education, the doctrine of 'separate but equal' has no place." This unanimous decision marked the beginning of the end for the "Separate But Equal" era that started with Plessy, and the start of a new period of American race relations. With Brown, desegregation of public schools began—as did resistance to it. Ten contentious years later, the Civil Rights Act of 1964 made racial equality a matter of federal law. Mapp v. Ohio, 1961 Evidence that is illegally obtained by the state may not be used against a defendant in court. Extended notion that federal AND states need to obtain evidence legally. Prior to this it was only feds who had to Dealt with Arresting ms. Mapp for possessing "obscene" books Baker vs Carr- anti germandering held that the states must meet a Constitutional standard for appointment: districts cannot be drawn in such a way that they violate the Equal Protection clause of the 14th Amendment. Engel v. Vitale, 1962 Public institutions (i.e., a school system) cannot require prayer. Dealt with atheist who didn't want his kids to be forced to pray in schools. Vitale was principal of the school in the case Gideon v. Wainwright, 1963 Defendants in criminal cases have an absolute right to counsel. Gideon was too poor for a lawyer, he appealed to supreme court, which ruled that all accused have the right to be provided counsel. Originally this only applied to felonies but now applies cases facing 6month imprisonment or longer. New York Times Co. v. Sullivan, 1964 To win a libel case, public gures must prove "actual malice" on the part of the writer. In 1964, the Times published an ad critical of an elected commissioner of an Alabama city. The commissioner sued for libel and won. The Supreme Court overturned that ruling, and said that, to ensure "uninhibited, robust and wide-open" debate about public gures, the law must protect writers from libel suits. Miranda v Arizona You have to remain silent....5th amendment Tinker v Des Moines The 1969 landmark case of Tinker v. Des Moines affirmed the First Amendment rights of students in school. The Court held that a school district violated students' free speech rights when it singled out a form of symbolic speech - black armbands worn in protest of the Vietnam War - for prohibition, without proving the armbands would cause substantial disruption in class. Could remember this by Tinker from lovejoy - cause he was in Vietnam San Antonio School District vs. Rodriguez Said that the constitution does not guarantee education, but rather places boundary on Governments. This was done after some san Antonio families schooled the school district after claiming that wealthier districts had better schools. Also says constitution does not provide welfare. United States vs Nixon. Watergate scandal. Nixon wanted immunity. Supreme responded by saying that neither confidentiality or separation of powers can keep president immune. Nixon said he needed to be tried by the senate. Court would not accept confidentiality of presidential communications. Texas vs Johnson The flag burning case- supreme court ended up protecting it. "Government may not prohibit the expression of an idea because society ands the idea itself offensive or disagreeable." Cruzan v. Missouri Dept. of Health, 1990 While the Constitution protects a person's right to reject life-preserving medical treatment (their "right to die"), states can regulate that interest if the regulation is reasonable. RIGHT TO DIE- Born in Missouri, die in Missouri. Cruzan is dead like ted cruz. What is Collective Security? Collective Security is a power system in which each state would guarantee the security and independence of every other state. What is a Nation? A Nation is a social group that shares a common ideology, institutions, customs, and a sense of homogeneity. It may be a state, part of a state, or extend beyond the borders of a state. 3) What is the Status Quo Approach to Foreign Policy The Status Quo Approach to Foreign Policy seeks to maintain the territorial, ideological, or power distribution of the state. What is Liberal Nationalism? Liberal Nationalism is the aspiration of a group to achieve statehood based on popular sovereignty. It emphasizes freedom from foreign domination. What is ethnocentrism Ethnocentrism is the belief that one's own group and culture is superior to all others. What is Unilateralism? Unilateralism is a state's dependence on its own power to maximize security and achieve national interests. What is a Sphere of Influence? A Sphere of Influence is an area dominated by the national interests of a foreign power. What is Imperialism? A relationship in which an area and its people are made subject to the will of a foreign state What is Colonialism? Colonialism is the rule of an area and its people by an external nation with an Imperialist policy. Two major types: -The transportation of emigrants from the mother country to form a new political entity at a distant location -The imposition of rule over technologically lesser-developed peoples What are North-South relations? North-South relations are the relationship between industrialized, developed countries (the North) and mostly poor, developing countries (the South). Most developed countries are geographically north of Lesser Developed Countries. What are Foreign Policy Objectives Foreign Policy Objectives are the goals of a foreign policy, derived by relating a state's national interest to the international situation and the power available to the state. Define "National Interest." The elements that constitute a state's most vital needs What is a Protectorate? A Protectorate is a relationship between a strong sovereign state and a semi sovereign state or an area not recognized as a state. Two traditional reasons for their establishment: -To thwart the interests of third states -To administer law in order in an area where no responsible government exists What is a Leasehold? A Leasehold is an area used by a foreign state under an agreement with the sovereign state that owns the area. Define "Polycentrism." A balance of power situation involving multiple power centers and participants What is Power? Power is influence and control exercised by one nation over others. What is Irredentism? Irredentism is the desire of the people of a state to annex the contiguous territories of another state that are inhabited by mostly members of linguistic and/or cultural minorities of the first state. Think Crimera ) What are Alliances? Alliances are groups of states in opposition to other groups of states. Each alliance is developed to help the member states promote their national interests and achieve foreign policy objectives. What is National Self-Determination? National Self-Determination is the idea that a group of people who consider themselves separate and distinct from others have the right to determine the state in which they will live and the form of government it will have. Catalan for ex. ) What is Economic Imperialism? Economic Imperialism is the involvement of one state in the economy of another so that the power of the sovereign state is impaired. Define "Foreign Policy." The official strategy of a state regarding how it will relate to other states and international organizations What is the Revisionist Approach to Foreign Policy? A Revisionist approach to foreign policy seeks to alter territorial, ideological, or power distribution to the state's advantage. A marxist movement at one r of men who, after one or both world wars, took upon themselves the task of persuading the American people to change their view of the origins of those wars and of the reasons for American intervention in them What is Chauvinism? Chauvinism is an extreme super patriotism which implies an uncritical devotion to a state, jealousy of its honor, and an exaggerated sense of its glory. THink of the western chauvinist proud boys What is the Realist Approach to Foreign Policy? The Realist approach assumes that the use of power to promote the national interest of a state is the most successful foreign policy. What is the Idealist Approach to Foreign Policy? The Idealist approach assumes that a foreign policy based on morals, legal codes, and international norms is the most effective foreign policy because it encourages unity and cooperation among states rather than competition and conflict. Define "Balance of Power." A concept that describes how states deal with the problems of national security in a context of shifting alliances and alignments. What is a Colony? A Colony is a noncontiguous possession of a sovereign state, established by settlement, cession, and/or conquest. What is Intelligence Intelligence is information gathered by the state about another state's capabilities and intentions. What is Integral Nationalism? Integral Nationalism glorifies the state as the highest focus of individual loyalties. What is Nationalism? Nationalism is the popular will that seeks to preserve the identity of a group by institutionalizing it in the form of a state. Name some elements of national power. -Size, location, climate, topography of a national territory -Natural resources and production -Population and demographics -Size and efficiency of industry -Extent/effectiveness of transportation and the media -Science and technology -Military -Political, Economic, and Social system -Quality of diplomacy -Policies/attitudes of leadership -National character/morale Define "Foreign Office." An executive agency that formulates and implements foreign policy What is the PLO? The PLO is a political and military organization that claims to represent the interests of the Palestinian people in their opposition of Israel and quest for a homeland. What is a Capability Analysis? A Capability Analysis is an evaluation by the state of its military, political, diplomatic, and economic abilities to see if it has the means to achieve national interest and foreign policy objectives. What is Cultural Imperialism? Cultural Imperialism is the imposition of an alien ideology or civilization on an unwilling society. What is Xenophobia? Xenophobia is the fear and distrust of foreigners and the policies and objectives of other states. What is World Government? World Government is a theoretical power system in which all states would surrender their sovereignty and create a supranational state to govern the affairs of the entire world. Define "Bipolarity." A balance of power system involving two power centers. Example: The US and The Soviet Union post WWII. What is a National Style? A National Style is the behavior pattern of a state dealing with its foreign policy problems. What is Zionism? Zionism is a movement which promotes political, economic, financial, and military support for Israel. What is Apartheid? Apartheid is South Africa's FORMER racial segregation policy which was designed to keep the white European minority in power over the African majority and other racial minorities. Marshall PLan Rebuilding infastructure of western europe after WW2 What was Tammany Hall? The democratic political machine controlling New York City politics from 1854 to 1934. Name the cabinets of the executive branch. Secretary of State Secretary of the Treasury Secretary of Defense Attorney General Secretary of the Interior Secretary of Agriculture Secretary of Commerce Secretary of Labor Secretary of Health and Human Services Secretary of Housing and Urban Development Secretary of Transportation Secretary of Energy Secretary of Education Secretary of Veterans Affairs Secretary of Homeland Security Who was Margaret Fuller? was a journalist, critic and women's rights activist. Fuller became friends with Ralph Waldo Emerson and was subsequently associated with transcendentalism. She edited the transcendentalist journal, The Dial for the first two years of its existence from 1840 to 1842. When she joined Horace Greeley's New York Tribune as literary critic in 1844, she became the first female journalist to work on the staff of a major newspaper. In the mid-1840s she organized discussion groups of women in which a variety of subjects, such as art, education and women's rights, were debated. What is the accelerator effect in economics? The accelerator effect in economics refers to a positive effect on private fixed investment of the growth of the market economy (measured e.g. by Gross Domestic Product). Rising GDP (an economic boom or prosperity) implies that businesses in general see rising profits, increased sales and cash flow, and greater use of existing capacity. This usually implies that profit expectations and business confidence rise, encouraging businesses to build more factories and other buildings and to install more machinery. (This expenditure is called fixed investment.) This may lead to further growth of the economy through the stimulation of consumer incomes and purchases, i.e., via the multiplier effect. What is the world's largest desert? Anartica/ Sahara is largest hot desert What is Radio Free Asia? Radio Free Asia was created by the International Broadcasting Act of 1994 and began its operations in 1996. It is a private, non-profit corporation funded by Congress of the United States, and supervised by the Broadcasting Board of Governors. BBG's stated mission is "to promote and sustain freedom and democracy by broadcasting accurate and objective news and information about the United States and the world to audiences overseas". RFA broadcasts in 9 languages, via shortwave and the Internet. The first transmission was in Mandarin and it is RFA's most elaborate service as it is broadcast twelve hours per day. RFA also broadcasts in Tibetan, Cantonese, Uyghur, Burmese, Vietnamese, Lao, Khmer (to Cambodia) and Korean (to North Korea). RFA's mission statement: "RFA broadcasts news and information to Asian listeners who lack regular access to full and balanced reporting in their domestic media. Through its broadcasts and call-in programs, RFA aims to fill a critical gap in the lives of people across Asia." What was The Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act? Established the United States Civil Service Commission, which placed most federal employees on the merit system and marked the end of the so-called "spoils system." Drafted during the Chester A. Arthur administration, the Pendleton Act served as a response to President James Garfield's assassination by Charles J. Guiteau (a "disappointed office seeker"). The Act was passed into law on January 16, 1883. What does it mean to backup your files regularly? To copy files to a second medium (a disk or tape) as a precaution in case the first medium fails. Who must the president inform before conducting a covert military operation? The Congressional intelligence committees. For the CIA, it is the senate foreign relations committee as well. How did the AFL and CIO differ historically? The AFL was a craft union, while the CIO was an industrial union. What was an immediate economic cause of the french revolution? High government spending with low tax collection from the nobles. Name the Capital and bordering countries of Philippines. Manila. South Pacific Ocean. Near Malaysia, Indonesia, China, Taiwan. What is the relationship between the yield and the price of a bond? They are inverse. Who was Kant? Immanuel Kant (22 April 1724 - 12 February 1804), was a German philosopher from Königsberg (now Kaliningrad) in East Prussia. Kant is often considered one of the greatest, and is one of the most influential, thinkers of modern Europe and the last major philosopher of the Enlightenment. Kant is known for his theory that there is a single moral obligation, which he called the Categorical Imperative, which is derived from the concept of duty. It is from the Categorical Imperative that all other moral obligations are generated, and by which all moral obligations can be tested. He believed that the moral law is a principle of reason itself, and is not based on contingent facts about the world, such as what would make us happy. Accordingly, he believed that moral obligation applies to all and only rational agents. Who was Nathaniel Hawthorne? a 19th century American novelist and short story writer. He is seen as a key figure in the development of American literature. Hawthorne is best-known today for his many short stories and The Scarlet Letter. Much of Hawthorne's work is set in colonial New England, and many of his short stories have been read as moral allegories influenced by his Puritan background. What is the Asian Development Bank? The Asian Development Bank (ADB) is a multilateral development finance institution dedicated to reducing poverty in Asia and the Pacific. It was founded in 1966 with 31 members states and has now grown to include 64, including the US, many europen nations, and all asian nations, including the stans. Headquartered in Philippines. What are "The Federalist Papers"? A series of 85 articles arguing for the ratification of the United States Constitution. They were first published serially in New York City newspapers. A compilation, called The Federalist, was published in 1788. The Federalist Papers serve as a primary source for interpretation of the Constitution, as they outline the philosophy and motivation of the proposed system of government. The articles were written by James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, and John Jay. When were the first women allowed to vote in the world? 1893 in New Zealand.