Patho Final EXAM Complete

Module 1  Low potassium (Hypokalemia) – Monitor heart. o Cardiac arrhythmias o Hypokalemia: muscle weakness, parasthesia, hyporeflexia, leg cramps, weak and irregular pulse, hypotension, dysrhythmias, electrocardiogram changes, decreased bowel sounds, abdominal distension, constipation, ileus, and cardiac arrest.  Catecholamines – Flight or fight response o Epinephrine o norepinephrine o Adrenaline o Increases HR, increases BP o tachycardia, increased BP, increases HR, catacholimines, cortisol, epinipherine, adrenaline, pupil dilation  Function of Albumin – decrease albumin – ascites o Albumin- plasma protein, likes water. Takes water with it o Swelling, no albumin in the blood. proteinuria o Will have ascites (abdominal swelling)- generalized fluid accumulation in the wrong places. Generalized swelling. Third spacing.  Function of Aldosterone o Sodium and water retention o Helps to maintain BP  Different fluid compartments o Intracellular- fluid inside cells o Extracellular- fluid outside cells o Intravascular- inside blood vessels o Interstitial- between cells o Transcellular- third spacing  Causes of edema – increased capillary hydrostatic pressure o Excess fluid in the interstitial space. Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure, decrease in plasma protein.  Sign and symptom o Symptom- something the patient experiences o Sign- something you see  Type 3 hypersensitivity reaction examples o Immune complex reaction o Excessive immune body produces auto antibody immune response of the body o Ex: rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus, erythematosus, rheumatic fever