NR 283 Pathophysiology Exam 2 Study Guide.

NR I283 IPathophysiology IExam I2 IStudy IGuide Chapter I8: ISkin IDisorders 1. Viral Iinfections a. Take Iantiviral Ito Ireduce Iviral Ishedding I(can’t Iproliferate) 2. Autoimmune skinI Idisorders a. Shingles b. Pemphigus I Iblisters i. 2 Iforms I= Ivulgaris I& Ifoliaceus ii. Antibodies Idisrupt Ithe Icohesion Ibetween Ithe Iepidermal Icells Icausing Iblisters Ito Iform iii. Treatment I= Isystemic Iglucocorticoids Isuch Ias Iprednisone I& Iother Iimmunosuppressants 3. Psoriasis a. A Ichronic Iinflammatory Iskin Idisorder Icaused Iby Iabnormal IT Icell Iactivation b. Cells Iare Ishedding Iepithelium Ia Ilot Ifaster Ithan Ithey Ishould I(increased Imitosis) I= Iflakiness c. lesions Ifound Ion Iface, Iscalp, Ielbows I& Iknees d. Treatment I= Iglucocorticoids, Itar Ipreparations I& Iantimetabolites 4. HSV II Iand IHSV III I(Herpes ISimplex IVirus II I& III) a. Type II I= Icold Isores I& Ifever Iblister b. Type III I= Igenital c. Spread Iby Idirect Icontact 5. HPV I(Human IPapilloma IVirus) a. Types I1-4 I= Iplantar Iwarts b. Types I6 I& I11 I= Igenital Iwarts c. Predisposing I factor: I Cancer I ICervical 6. Fungal Iinfections I(mycoses) a. Most Iare Isuperficial b. Diagnosed Iby Iskin Iscrapings c. Treatment I= Itopical Iantifungal d. Athletes Ifoot I= ITinea Ipedis I& ITinea Icapitis I= Icradle Icap 7. Scabies a. Invasion Iby Imite Ibite I(female Iburrows, Imale Ifertilizes Ithe Ifemale I& Idies, Ifemale Ilays Ieggs I& Idies,repeat) I b. highly Icommunicable Iin Iany Isetting Iand Idoes Inot Irespect Isocial Istatus i. put Ipatient Iin Ia Iprivate Iroom ii. nurse Ishould Iwear Igloves I& Igown c. Itchy; IBurrows Iappear Ion Ithe Iskin Ias Itiny, Ibrown Ilines d. Common Isites I= Ibetween Ithe Ifingers, Iwrists, Iinner Isurface Iof Ielbow I& Iwaistline e. Treatment I= Ilindane I(gamma-hexachlorocyclohexane) 8. Contact Idermatitis a. Exposure Ito Ian Iallergen I= IPruritic Irash I(wool, Iitchy) b. No Iimmune Iresponse c. Treatment I= Itopical Iglucocorticoid 9. Atopic Idermatitis I(eczema) a. A Icommon Iproblem Iin Iinfancy I& Imay Ipersist Iin Iadulthood b. A Ifamilial Itype II Ihypersensitivity Ioften Iassociated Iwith Ihay Ifever I& Iasthma c. Atopic I= Irefers Ito Ian Iinherited Itendency Itoward Iallergic Iconditions d. Etiology I= Ichronic Iinflammation Iresults Ifrom Ithe Iresponse Ito Iallergens; Ieosinophilia I(high Ilevel IofWBCs I Iin Ithe Iblood) I& Iincreased Iserum IIgE Ilevels Iindicate Ithe Iallergic Ibasis e. S&S I= Ipruritic Ilesions, Iskin Iappears Idry I& Iscaly f. Treatment I= Iavoid Iaggravating Iagents I& Itopical Iglucocorticoids 10. Hansen’s Idisease I(Leprosy) a. Myobacterium Ileprae b. Infects Ithe Iskin, Imucous Imembrane I& Iperipheral Inerves c. Determined Iby Ia Iskin Ibiopsy d. Treatment I= Iantibiotics 11. Impetigo a. Very Icontagious b. Common Iin Iinfants Iand Ichildren c. Cause Iby IS. Iaureus I(antibiotic Iresistant Istrains Iare Iincreasing) d. Transmitted Iby Iclose Iphysical Icontact Ior Ifomites e. Pruritis Iis Icommon Iwhich Ileads Ito Iscratching I& Ifurther Ispread Iof Iinfection f. Lesions Iusually Ion Iface g. Treatment I= Itopical Iantibiotic Ifor Iearly Istages I& Isystematic Iadministration Ifor Iextensive Ilesions 12. Scleroderma a. Tight, Ithin, Ishiny, Ihard, Iimmovable Iskin b. increased Icollagen Ideposit Iin Iarterioles I& Icapillaries Ireduces Iblood Iflow c. Can Ibe Isystemic d. Raynaud I disease I Icold I finger Itips e. Treatment I= Ianti-inflammatory Idrugs Isuch Ias INSAIDs Ior Icorticosteroids I& Iimmunosuppressanttherapies I 13. Kaposi ISarcoma a. Usually Iin Ipatients Iwith IHIV/AIDS I(immunocompromised) b. May Iaffect Ithe Iviscera Ias Iwell Ias Ithe Iskin c. Etiology I= IHerpesvirus I8 I(KSHV); Imalignant Icells Iarise Ifrom Ithe Iendothelium Iin Ismall Iblood Ivessels d. S&S I= IMultiple Iskin Ilesions I(large, Iirregular Ishaped, Imay Ibe Idarker Iin Icolor Iaka Ipurple/brownish) Ioftenon I Ithe Iface, Iscalp, Ioral Imucosa, Ior Ilower Iextremities e. Treatment I= Icombination Iof Iradiation, Ichemotherapy, Isurgery I& Ibiologic Itherapy f. Put Ipatient Iin Iprotective Iisolation I(protect Ithem Ifrom Iour Igerms) 14. Malignant IMelanoma a. Melanocytes Ieffected; Iusually Idetected Ilate I= Ia Ibad Iprognosis b. Itchy, Igrows Irapidly, Imetastasizes, Iirregular Iborders c. Development Idepends Ion Igenetics, Iexposure Ito IUV Iradiation I(sunbathing), Ihormones, I&immunosuppressed I d. Treatment I= Isurgery, Iradiation I& Ichemotherapy 15. Basal ICell ICarcinoma a. Pearly Iwhite Iborders 16. Cancer a. Radiation I= Ishrinks’ Itissue b. Chemotherapy I= Ieradicates Icells c. Complete IBlood ICount I(CBC) d. Monitor Iwhite Iblood Icount 17. Pediculosis I= Ilice Chapter I13: IRespiratory IDisorders 1. Primary Icontrol Icenters Ifor Ibreathing Iare Ilocated Iin Ithe Imedulla Iand Ipons 2. Pulmonary IVolumes a. Tidal IVolume I(TV) I= Iamount Iof Iair Ientering Ilungs Iwith Ieach Inormal Ibreath I(500mL) b. Residual IVolume I(RV) I= Iamount Iof Iair Iremaining Iin Ithe Ilungs Iafter Iforced Iexpiration I(1200mL) c. Inspiratory IReserve I(IRV) I= Imaximal Iamount Iof Iair Ithat Ican Ibe Iinhaled Iin Iexcess Iof Inormal IquietinspirationI I(3000mL) d. Expiratory IReserve I(ERV) I= Imaximal Ivolume Iof Iair Iexpired Ifollowing Ia Ipassive Iexpiration I(1100mL) e. Vital ICapacity I(VC) I= Imaximal Iamount Iof Iair Iexpired Ifollowing Ia Imaximal Iinspiration I(4600mL) i. Incentive Ispirometer Iused Ito Imeasure Ithis f. Total ILung ICapacity I(TLC) I= Itotal Ivolume Iof Iair Iin Ithe Ilungs Iafter Imaximal Iinspiration I(5800mL) 3. Dyspnea I= Ia Isubjective Ifeeling Iof Idiscomfort Ithat Ioccurs Iwhen Ia Iperson Ifeels Iunable Ito Iinhale Ienough Iair 4. Cyanosis I= Ithe Ibluish Icoloring Iof Ithe Iskin Iand Imucus Imembranes Ithat Iresults Ifrom Ilarge Iamounts Iofunoxygenated I Ihemoglobin Iin Ithe Iblood 5. Gas Iexchange a. Oxygen Idiffuses Iinto Ithe Iblood Ithrough Ithe Ialveoli b. Flow Iof Igases Ibetween Ithe Ialveolar Iair I& Iblood c. Depends Ion Ithe3 Irelative Iconcentrations I(partial Ipressures) Iof Ithe Igases I(PO2 I& IPCO2) d. Dalton’s Ilaw I= Ieach Igas Imoves Ialong Iits Ipartial Ipressure Igradient, Iindependent Iof Iother Igases 6. Oxyhemoglobin IDissociation ICurve a. Relationship Ibetween Ipercentage Isaturation Iof Ihemoglobin I& IPO2 7. Arterial Iblood Igas Ilevels a. Know Ithe Ivalues: i. Oxygen I= ii. Carbone Idioxide I= Inormal Iis I35-45 iii. Bicarbonate I= Inormal Iis I24 iv. Serum IpH I= Iacidosis Iis Iless Ithan I7.35, Inormal Iis I7.36-7.44, I& Ialkalosis Iis Igreater Ithan I7.45 b. Hypoxemia I= Iinadequate Ioxygen Iin Iblood; Idecrease Ifrom I~105 Ito I60 Imm IHg; Ichemoreceptors Irespond c. Hypoxia I= Iinadequate Isupply Iof Ioxygen Ito Ithe Icells d. Hypercapnia I= Iincreased Icarbon Idioxide Iin Ithe Iblood; ICO2 Ieasily Idiffuses Iinto ICerebrospinal Ifluid( I CSF); Icauses Irespiratory Iacidosis e. Hypocapnia I= Ilow Icarbon Idioxide Iconcentration I(low Ipartial Ipressure Iof ICO2) Iin Iblood; Imay Ibe Icaused by Ihyperventilation; Icauses Irespiratory Ialkalosis 8. Boyle’s Ilaw: I“As Ithe Isize Iof Ithe Ithoracic Icavity Idecreases, Ithe Ipressure Iinside Ithe Icavity Idecreases” 9. Respiratory Imucosa I(where Iis Iit Ilocated) a. Consists Iof Ipseudostratified Iciliated Icolumnar Iepithelial Icells, Iwhich Iincludes Imucous-secreting Igoblet Icells. IMucous Iblanket Itraps I& Icilia Isweeps Iforeign Iparticles Iout Iof Ithe Irespiratory Itract Starts Iin Inares Iand Iends Iin Ithe Ialveoli Respiratory Imucosa Iis ICONTINUOUS 10. Chemoreceptors a. Central I= Imedulla b. Peripheral I= Icarotid Ibodies c. Purpose I= Idetects Ichanges Iin Icarbon Idioxide, Ihydrogen Iion, Iand Ioxygen Ilevels Iin Ithe Iblood Iorcerebrospinal I Ifluid I(CSF) 11. Characteristics Iof Isputum Iand Iwhat Ivariations Irepresent a. General Imanifestation Iof Irespiratory Idisease b. Yellow/greenish, Icloudy, Ithick Imucus I= Iusually Ibacterial Iinfection c. Rusty/dark Icolored I= Iusually Ipneumococcal Ipneumonia d. Large Iamounts Iof Ipurulent Iwith Ifoul Iodor I= Imay Ibe Iassociated Iwith Ibronchiectasis e. Thick, Itenacious, Imucus I= Iasthma Ior Icystic Ifibrosis i. blood-tinged Isputum—may Iresult Ifrom Ichronic Icough; Imay Ialso Ibe Isign Iof Itumor Iortuberculosis I f. Hemoptysis I= IBlood-tinged I(bright Ired) Ifrothy Isputum, Iusually Iassociated Iwith Ipulmonary Iedema 12. Laryngotracheobronchitis a. Common Iin Ichildren I(3 Imonths I- I3 Iyears) b. Gradual Ionset; Iinflammation Iof Ilarynx I& Itrachea; Ican Iobstruct Ithe Iairway c. CROUP I Iwhat I causes I it? I = I parainfluenza I viruses I & I adenoviruses 13. Tuberculosis a. Protect Iourselves Ifrom Ithese Ipatients I(airborne I= Ineed Ito Iwear Imasks) b. Caused Iby Imycobacterium Ituberculosis c. Spread Iby Ioral Idroplets I(can Istay Ilive Ifor Iabout I3 Iweeks Iwhen Idried) d. Common Iin Icrowded Iliving Iconditions I(poor) I& Ithe Iimmunocompromised e. It Iis Inot Ilimited Ito Ithe Ilungs f. S&S I= Iweight Iloss, Ifailure Ito Ithrive, Iinfection I(measles), Icavitation Iin Ithe Ilungs, Icough, Ipositivesputum, I Iradiograph, Iskin Itest g. Treatment I= Ia Icombination Iof Idrugs Ifor I6-12 Imonths h. Types i. Primary Iinfection I= Iwhen Imicroorganism Ifirst Iinfects Ilungs; Iengulfed Iby Imacrophages I– Ilocalinfection I ii. Secondary I= Iactive Iinfection; Ioften Iyears Iafter Iprimary Iinfection; Ibrought Iback Ibecause Iof cell-mediated Iimmunity Iis Iimpaired I(stress, Iage, Iinfection) iii. Miliary/Extrapulmonary I= Imore Icommon Iin Ikids; Irapidly Iprogressive Iform 14. Cystic IFibrosis a. Inherited Igenetic Idisorder Ilocated Ion Ichromosome I7 b. Tenacious Imucus; Iaffects Ilungs I& Ipancreas c. Mucus Iblocks Iairflow Iin Ibronchioles I& Ismall Ibronchi d. Infections I(Pseudo. IAureus I& IStaph. IAureus) 15. Atelectasis I= Ithe Inon-aeration Ior Icollapse Iof Ia Ilung Ior Ipart Iof Ia Ilung Ileading Ito Ia Idecreased Igas Iexchange I&hypoxia I a. A Icollapsed Ilung; Imarked Iby Iairway Iobstruction I(also Imay Ibe Ia Icause) b. Sound Iof Ilung Iis Idecreased Ion Ithat Iside I& Ithe Ichest Idoesn’t Irise Ion Ithat Iside c. S&S I= Ismall Iareas Iare Iasymptomatic; Ilarge Iareas Icause Idyspnea, Iincreased Iheart I& Irespiratory Irates, I&chest I Ipain d. Treatment I= Itreat Ithe Icause I& Ire-expand Ithe Icollapsed Ilung; Ideep Ibreathing Iexercises, Ichanging Ibody positions, Iforced Icoughing; Iremoval Iof Ifluid, Itissue Ior Itumor; Ichest Iclapping Ior Ipercussion, Iposturaldrainage, I I& Imedications Ito Iopen Iairways I& Iloosen Imucus