AR exam 2 Questions And Answers Graded A+

A feminist therapist would likely consider which intervention most essential? A. a lifestyle analysis B. a functional assessment of a specific problem area. C. social action D. maintaining an anonymous role as a therapist C ( Whereas non-sexist therapy is more concerned with personal responsibility and personal change, feminist therapy places equal or greater emphasis on the sociopolitical contributions to pathology and the need for social change. The feminist approach to psychotherapy rests on the assumption that social roles and socialization are important determinants of behavior and that psychological conflicts are alternative roles and options. A primary goal of feminist therapy is empowerment or helping women become more self-defining and self-determining. One of the main characteristics of feminist therapy is its emphasis on an egalitarian relationship between the client and therapist. Feminist therapists consider self-disclosure with clients as a way of supporting an egalitarian relationship. Therapist self-disclosure may be used to encourage client participation. Feminist therapy discourages client passivity and feminist therapists typically discourage special bonding as it may encourage client dependence on the therapist. ) 2. The findings of the National Institute of Mental Health -NIMH- research project regarding the relative effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral therapy and antidepressant medication in the treatment of depression indicate that A. both treatments are about equally effective. B. cognitive/behavioral therapy is more effective in the short-term, while medication is more effective in the long-term. C. cognitive-behavioral therapy has an immediate effect, while medication has a delayed effect. D. cognitive-behavioral therapy is more effective. A (The findings of the NIMH research project were that, on an overall level, cognitive-behavioral therapy -CBT- and antidepressant medication are about equally effective in the treatment of depression. There was some evidence that the treatments differed in the types of depression for which they are most effective. Specifically, some evidence suggested that CBT is more effective for milder forms of depression, while medication is more effective for relatively severe forms. But in terms of overall effectiveness, both treatments were found to be about equal.) 3. You are a small-town psychologist in a rural area and a client comes in and states that she is depressed and is having headaches. She has babysat with your child several times over the last year. She would like you to give her biofeedback sessions. You should first: A. Complete the biofeedback treatment and not ask her to babysit in the future. B. Refer her to her family physician C. Refer her to a psychologist in another town for therapy; it will be OK for you to complete the biofeedback sessions D. Refer her to a biofeedback specialist in another town B (This question is more about an awareness of your limitations than it is about a dual relationship. The first step, whether you decide to take the case or not, should be to refer her to her family physician to rule out medical concerns.) 4. A factorial design, unlike a two group design: A. allows more independent variables to be studied B. requires a larger sample C. shows the effect of an independent variable on the dependent variable D. cannot detect a curvilinear relationship between variables A ( In a two group design, one group is exposed to a treatment and another, control group, is not exposed or gets a different treatment. The results of both groups are tested in order to compare the effects of treatment. A factorial design is a design with more than one independent variable. In this design, the independent variables are simultaneously investigated to determine the independent and interactive influence they have on the dependent variable. The effect of each independent variable on the dependent variable -c.- is called a main effect and in a factorial design there are as many main effects as there are independent variables. An interaction effect between two or more independent variables occurs when the effect that one independent variable has on the dependent variable depends on the level of the other independent variable. At least three levels must be used to predict a curvilinear relationship.) 5. Thinning refers to the process of: A. switching from a fixed interval to a fixed ratio schedule B. switching from a variable interval to a variable ratio schedule C. switching from an intermittent to a continuous schedule D. switching from a continuous to an intermittent schedule D (Continuous schedules, or reinforcing every response, are associated with quick learning, satiation and extinction. The process of thinning, or switching from a continuous to an intermittent schedule, is used to increase the resistance to extinction once a behavior is established.) 6. The term "group polarization" refers to the tendency of groups to make decisions that are A. more risky than those that might be made by individual members. B. more conservative than those that might be made by individual members. C. more risky or more conservative than those that might be made by individual members. D. more illogical than those that might be made by individual members. C (A group's decisions tend to be more extreme -in one direction or the other- than those that would be made by individuals in the group acting alone. This phenomenon is referred to as group polarization. One explanation for group polarization is that group members are more willing to support extreme decisions because, as group members, they won't have to take as much personal responsibility for their decisions as they would if they were acting alone.) 7. Memory for the rules of logic and inference is part of A. procedural memory. B. semantic memory. C. episodic memory. D. read-only memory B (Long-term memory has been divided into three components: semantic memory, procedural memory, and episodic memory. Semantic memory includes memory for the rules of logic and inference, as well as knowledge about language -e.g., what words mean and how they are used-. Procedural memory includes information about how to do things, such as how to drive a car. Episodic memory contains information about events that have been personally experienced. Read-only memory -ROM- is not part of long-term memory -- it is a computer term.) 8. A moderator is A. a variable that affects the direction or strength of the association between two other variables. B. an explanation of how external physical events take on internal psychological significance. C. a variable that identifies the relationship between two variables and serves to magnify the strength of the variables. D. a variable that accounts for the relationship between two variables. A (In general, a moderator is a qualitative -e.g., race, sex, class- or quantitative -e.g., level of reward- variable that affects the direction and/or strength of the relation between an independent or predictor variable and a dependent or criterion variable. A moderator only influences the strength of the relationship between two other variables, it doesn't fully account for it. In contrast, a variable functions as a mediator to the extent that it accounts for the relation between the predictor and the criterion.) 9. Which of the following illustrates the concept of shrinkage? A. extremely depressed individuals obtain a high score on a depression inventory the first time they take it, but obtain a slightly lower score the second time they take it B. items that have collectively been shown to be a valid way to diagnose a sample of individuals as depressed prove to be less valid when used for a different sample C. the self-esteem of depressed individuals shrinks when they are faced with very difficult tasks D. abilities such as short-term memory and response speed diminish as we get older B (Shrinkage can be an issue when a predictor test is developed by testing out a pool of items on a validation -"try-out"- sample and then choosing the items that have the highest correlation with the criterion. When the chosen items are administered to a second sample, they usually don't work quite as well -- in other words, the validity coefficient shrinks. This occurs because of chance factors operating in the original validation sample that are not present in the second sample.) 10. A 16-year old girl is sexually promiscuous and does not practice safe sex. When confronted with information about sexually transmitted diseases and pregnancy, she states "that could never happen to me." The girl's behavior is characteristic of A. adolescent egocentrism. B. concrete operational thought. C. teenagers who have been sexually abused. D. an immature system of defense mechanisms. A (According to Piaget and researchers who have studied his theories, adolescents are prone to what has been termed "formal operational egocentrism" or "adolescent egocentrism." This is characterized by a number of beliefs and modes of thinking, including the belief that the world can only become a better place through implementation of a grand idealistic system, the belief that others are as concerned with the adolescent's behavior as the adolescent him- or herself is, and -as in this question- a strong faith in one's own invulnerability and uniqueness.) 11. Communication-interaction therapy espouses that communication has both a "report" function and a A. Principle of equifinality B. Command function C. Circular model of causality D. Paradoxical strategy B (Family therapists from the Mental Research Institute in Palo Alto such as Gregory Bateson, Virginia Satir, and Jay Haley described communication as having a "report function" that contains the content or informational aspect of the communication, and the "command function", that is often conveyed nonverbally and exemplifies the relationship between the communicators. The other choices are other concepts from the Mental Research Institute. "Principles of equifinality" refers to the idea that no matter where the system change occurs, the end result is the same. "Circular model of causality" is a concept in their approach that describes a symptom as both a cause and an effect of dysfunctional communication patterns. "Paradoxical strategies" include prescribing the symptom and relabeling, or changing the label a family attaches to a problem in order to change the meaning.) 12. A sequence of behaviors, in which each behavior serves as reinforcement for the previous behavior, is the outcome of A. chaining. B. shaping. C. positive reinforcement. D. graded exposure. A (According to the operant conditioning paradigm, chaining is how complex behaviors made up of a sequence of simpler behaviors are developed. In chaining, each response serves as reinforcement for the previous behavior and a discriminant stimulus for the next behavior on the chain.) 13. Compared to the Stanford-Binet, the WAIS-III tends to: A. underestimate the IQ scores of higher functioning individuals. B. underestimate the IQ scores of lower functioning individuals. C. overestimate the IQ scores of lower functioning individuals and underestimate the IQ scores of higher functioning individuals. D. underestimate the IQ scores of lower functioning individuals and overestimate the IQ scores of higher functioning individuals. C (The easiest way to deal with this question and other questions like it is to remember that for the extremes of the IQ continuum, the Stanford-Binet is a better measure to use. It will more accurately reflect the person's functioning at either the very top or very bottom of the range.) 14. Reactive Attachment Disorder, Inhibited Type involves A. indiscriminate attachments. B. hypervigilance. C. over-attachment to a primary caretaker and fear of others. D. symptoms of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in children. B (Reactive Attachment Disorder occurs in children below the age of 5 and is characterized by disturbed social relatedness. There are two subtypes: inhibited and disinhibited type. This question is about the former, which involves inhibition, hypervigilance, and ambivalent responses in social situations. The other subtype, disinhibited type, involves indiscriminate attachments and sociability -e.g., familiarity with strangers, lack of selectivity in choice of attachment figures-. In both subtypes, evidence of pathogenic care -e.g., disregard for the child's basic physical or emotional needs- must be present before the diagnosis can be made.) 15. According to Jerry Patterson and associates the families of highly aggressive boys are characterized by: A. coercive interactions and poor parental monitoring B. Coercive interactions and high parental monitoring C. Low interaction and low parental monitoring D. Excessive television viewing A (Patterson, Chamberlin and Reid 1982 "A Comparative evaluation of a parent-training program" Behavior Therapy, proposed a coercive family interaction model. It hypothesized that children first learn aggressive behaviors from their parents. These parents also use harsh discipline and reward their children's aggressiveness with attention and approval. As a result, the aggressiveness of the parent-child interaction continues to escalate.)