Summary of Exam Material Cell Biology and Cancer 2nd Year Biology

, Cancer development
both are needed
Cancer is uncontrolled cel It disease
growth .
is a
genetic to form
-
Cancer
different
signauingpathways
→
mutati ons aan occur in > Causes Cancer


lifestyle
→
role
Plays
a


transformation from
charge Norma I cells into
=
tumor cells .




>
driver mutations mutations in / tumor
norm at cells
gain oncogen
es
supressorgenes
:




>
for fail transformation mutati ons deed to somatic
pas angermutations happen in cells
:
,




Cancer Critical
genes
-




>
Proto mutated active or over expressie become
oncogen e over
genes oncogen
es ,
causing
- :




a tumor .
→ RAS RAF EGFR SRC
, , , ,
MYC , TGFB ,
Smad 4

>
Tumor supressor of function mutation Cancer →
P 52 PTEN APC
gene
:
loss can ca use .
, ,




TGFB ,
retinobastoma ,
P 53 mutated in almost alt
-
Intra / inter tumor
Heterogeen eity >
human cameras .




Inter breast different peopu DNA Maintenance mutations result in
genomic Stability
>
Cancer in in
genes
: :
.




caused different
can be
by mutati ons

>
Intra : one tumor can have different tumor 611 behaviour
mutations in multiple
genes

Benigni goedaardig
Malignant kwaadaardig
:




Tumor Development Angiogenese
Primary Tumor : The tumor reeds 02 Food
>
benign
> abnormal cells +
,



'
↳ treat with radiation to prevent spread
'



The tumor Secret es compounds Minps
Ing such as


This
degrade the basat membrana of the
>
tumor
locatyinuades tissues to blood Vessel
> >
Further of the
Angiogeneseis : the tumor attiacts biooduessds
growth tumor into the blood Vessel

for nourishment is in daad tumor factors ✓ OEF DFGF
b :
,
PDGF ,




>
Metastasio : From >
When the tumor increas.es
cells moue
awag primary
tumor
Migration into the vessel , it


and inuade other
body parts via blooduessels and becomes
Matignon tand spreads to other
Organ
s .




lymph Uessels . .




Matignon
→
the tumor becomes t




ij

, Tumor
Migration how is it controlled ? EMT epithetial to
mesenchym
at transition mediates metastasio
: - →



In from
important is
going
>
tissue : to metastatic tumor
norm al Cev
organization is controlled
by primary
( faal adhesions)
adherentjunctions)
>
E- cadherins ( and
integrins makes the cells Mobile ,
they can moue

>
E cadherins Connect cells left from epitheta l Squares polarised
the cells Morpho
1099 90 stretohy
s

Changes
: >



and to each other =
allows them to enter the blood Vessel
right cells .
.




>
upldown ÎF
Integrins : Connect cells controlled
by that
downregu late adhesions and
cytoskelet on and increase

to extracellulair matrix other cells at Components
mesenchym
+ . .




These adhesions are connected to


kinases + acties to Control Movement of the cells inside .
See video Notes

In Cancer of remoued.to Onenote
attachment cells deed to be in Crease
Migration in
:
.




cadherinsaredownregulated "" ""
>



>

integrins shift as wal ( connect to Ecm and uinau.FINÏ integiins
> This win make it possible for the cells to move .




50

EMT of Cancer cells
induces
Migration
into the

Circulatie n !


A 7th Hallmark In 2022 : New hallmark 5




Tumor Micro environment =
tumor eens internet with
many


(
Ground them epitheta This continuous
19
cells :
,
immune cells .




from of
phenotypicplasticity
>

Changes primary to
malignant
tumor in
dynamic the
=
. Cancer cells are a constant



Changing cells

☐
> This
term to described the cells surround
Ing the Cancer cells .
Seems to be
Party
controlled
by no nmutational
epigenetic
( neutropnils Fibroblasten
macro
pnages , , Muscle cells , ,
lymphatic cells , re
Programming
epitheta cells) >
New info about the Micro bio mes of Cancer cells

>
New info about series cent Cancer cells
'
.




The interaction between an these cells with the

tumour
very important
are .




lonenote)
Macrophage double
=


agent
L
protect Cancer cells + make portals for them to enter bood Wessels .