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Summary CIE A-Level Biology: Inheritance (A* achieved)

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Hi everyone:)) Here are my CIE A2 level Biology topic notes for the syllabus. These notes are tailored to the A level syllabus as well as the mark scheme as if you do enough past paper questions you will see a recurring pattern with the types of questions asked about each topic. My notes include summaries, labelled diagrams, and step-by-step explanations to difficult mechanisms such as how ADH and the lac operon works. Please keep in mind my notes are handwritten! These documents as well as other revision material eg. past papers and anki helped me to achieve an A* for A level Biology so I would recommend using these notes alongside other revision material as it may save you some time. Lastly, I just wanted to say GOODLUCK!! This is a very challenging and content packed course so I understand the stress you may be feeling. Feel free to message me anytime if you have any questions regarding my notes or even for advice on A level biology:))

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16 : INHERITANCE
Allo some : ✗ & Y Chromosomes

16.1 -

Role Of Meiosis Autosomes : Pairs 1- 22



somatic cells
→
mitosis → asexual repro , grown , repair , increase in cell numbers

Meiosis Production of gametes
in
sexually reproducing organisms
→



↳
genetic variation

sister chromatid




✗
"" " " " ° " "° " " " " °" " "" " ° "
=

"" "" " "
↳ 2 sets diploid ( 2n )

(
=




1 set =
haploid (n)


produced [
centromere

gametes are occurs in me gametes of d
from GERM CELLS [ sexually reproducing organisms :
egg /0rem , sperm ,
pollen


the haploid number is the number of chromosomes in one set
u ,
n complete
kinetochore -




disc-shaped Of chromosomes .




protein where spindle fibers
attached to . humans =
n =
23 2h =
46
,


onion 8 2h 16
=
n =
,
=




REDUCTION DIVISION In sexual reproduction ,
two
gametes
To keep the
fuse to form a
zygote .




-46 '
(4×23)
number of chromosomes +
ploidy to be

2h '
n
constant for one species .




92 Chromatids → ( 46 ✗ 2) Chromatids → (23×4) Chromatids
9 9


if diploid 12h1 parents were used 12h -12h =
4h )
DI DI will not be continued Therefore
species
= .




DI t 1) It =
PMATXZ 2h
parents must make so nth :
n ,




=
NORMAL DIPLOID NUMBER RESTORED



•
homologous chromosomes •




[ mother p
father
since in fertilisation nth =
2h somatic cells must have 1 ✗ maternal set and I ✗ paternal set
,




sgY§
Pair 23 =
Pair of sex chromosomes




Each pair : some
genes in the same position ( loci ) on the chromosome

:
not necessarily the same forms of allele
of the gene
:
some length and overall size

:
centromere et same
position
:
one chromosome of maternal origin , one chromosome at
paternal
:
some bending
:
come tgt + pair up at Prophase I

Connected book
 image
Stephanie Fowler, Glenn Toole, Susan Toole, Beverlyn Nathan, Aniruddha Chakraborty, Padmajyothi Sripada Cambridge International AS & A Level Complete Biology
Publisher: 2020 ISBN: 9781382005234 Edition: Unknown

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No
Which chapters are summarized?
Chapter 16
Uploaded on
September 1, 2022
Number of pages
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Written in
2022/2023
Type
Summary
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