"
Tests
HCN (wear acid) partially
Tokens co
dissociates *+ + CN reagent
- -
→
sn2 mechanism
CN
-
attacks positive c atom
dissolved in aqueo
"""""" " """ """" ""
→ "" """" """
in RDS 2 mechanism ti comes
step Fehl
Chiral carbon is bonded to 4
wigs solution →
-
one step mechanism
-
-
nucleophile from teen or acid
different groups
.
attacks opposite side to H+ dissolved in sodiu
leaving -
:
→
group Inversion of optical
activity enantiomers
Aldehyde
. -
-
are non -
superimposeable _
c- → -
c-
-0 brick
mirror
=H images Precipitate
%
÷.CN -
ein
"
⇐
"" optically active isomers rotate Benedicts solution
-
± "" teen in
highly toxic so { as
43C 4ᵗʰ
Its ↳ ¥ *
Cte
,
Plane polarised light ( same acidified potassium cyanide used .
( brick red
poecip )
CN attack either side
-
, can from
amount opposite direction) as
group surrounding carbonyl Acidified dichrom
-
Racemic mixtures cancel out / carbon are planar racemic as dichromate i
eight
-
-
.
rotating effect : not
optically (aqueous) nucleophilic *
active
www.pne
.
addition + ( dilute
carbonyls oran
"
?
/
-
hydrogen cyanide ten
compounds G- 0 melting point og
carbonyl identifies carbo
SNI mechanism -
Lower BP than equivalent alcohols due Iodine in presen
-
uni molecular
to lack of hydrogen bonding (no Pdarotl
step , -
group breaks ogg tearing flat ion methyl ketones e
)
bond
Pale yellow poec
,
HKpgH
.
µ
E-Is ←É+ can form
Pas
-
hydrogen bond with water
-
+↳ c-
Oxygen Catechol> +
_ -
+ :X
1 Uses its
I lone pairs
;ñii£tywn
to
czt.es form hydrogen bonds acid
cztgs small
aldehydes bing.n-EE-p-a-pe
.
-1 ketones will dissolve in tea
step 2- since carbonation intermediate is water
is Planar it can be
.
Large disrupt hydrogen bonding between ↓
attacked from either water can't form
molecules them
side -
racemic mixture
but
itself .
toxic
.
"
" " " """"
" "
" " "" " ""
"" "
" &
É+← OR
3% than HB that could have formed between
Y aldehyde /ketone
y
-
:
-
→ + water
, y:
""5
cztlg
ketones aldehydes
LiA1H4/NaBH4
Ftc _µ¥-4%
in
acid
.
Reduction Reduction dry
Li Attlee ether
H -
É -
CIN -121-120+114 -0+1 + Ntl , Cl NABthe
dry ether
±'
secondary alcohol mechanism
"
Piimang alcoho
hydrousis PH -0 : 11° Cte] OH
alkaline [te]
c → I
*M✗
d
""
→
acidic ca
carboxylate ion -1 R
/ -
pi ⇐ -
µ
-
C -
→ - -
← "
H -
%
-
+ ammonium
ammonia r, ¢ -
,
,z + NH} :µ
tl
-
salt ,
Tests
HCN (wear acid) partially
Tokens co
dissociates *+ + CN reagent
- -
→
sn2 mechanism
CN
-
attacks positive c atom
dissolved in aqueo
"""""" " """ """" ""
→ "" """" """
in RDS 2 mechanism ti comes
step Fehl
Chiral carbon is bonded to 4
wigs solution →
-
one step mechanism
-
-
nucleophile from teen or acid
different groups
.
attacks opposite side to H+ dissolved in sodiu
leaving -
:
→
group Inversion of optical
activity enantiomers
Aldehyde
. -
-
are non -
superimposeable _
c- → -
c-
-0 brick
mirror
=H images Precipitate
%
÷.CN -
ein
"
⇐
"" optically active isomers rotate Benedicts solution
-
± "" teen in
highly toxic so { as
43C 4ᵗʰ
Its ↳ ¥ *
Cte
,
Plane polarised light ( same acidified potassium cyanide used .
( brick red
poecip )
CN attack either side
-
, can from
amount opposite direction) as
group surrounding carbonyl Acidified dichrom
-
Racemic mixtures cancel out / carbon are planar racemic as dichromate i
eight
-
-
.
rotating effect : not
optically (aqueous) nucleophilic *
active
www.pne
.
addition + ( dilute
carbonyls oran
"
?
/
-
hydrogen cyanide ten
compounds G- 0 melting point og
carbonyl identifies carbo
SNI mechanism -
Lower BP than equivalent alcohols due Iodine in presen
-
uni molecular
to lack of hydrogen bonding (no Pdarotl
step , -
group breaks ogg tearing flat ion methyl ketones e
)
bond
Pale yellow poec
,
HKpgH
.
µ
E-Is ←É+ can form
Pas
-
hydrogen bond with water
-
+↳ c-
Oxygen Catechol> +
_ -
+ :X
1 Uses its
I lone pairs
;ñii£tywn
to
czt.es form hydrogen bonds acid
cztgs small
aldehydes bing.n-EE-p-a-pe
.
-1 ketones will dissolve in tea
step 2- since carbonation intermediate is water
is Planar it can be
.
Large disrupt hydrogen bonding between ↓
attacked from either water can't form
molecules them
side -
racemic mixture
but
itself .
toxic
.
"
" " " """"
" "
" " "" " ""
"" "
" &
É+← OR
3% than HB that could have formed between
Y aldehyde /ketone
y
-
:
-
→ + water
, y:
""5
cztlg
ketones aldehydes
LiA1H4/NaBH4
Ftc _µ¥-4%
in
acid
.
Reduction Reduction dry
Li Attlee ether
H -
É -
CIN -121-120+114 -0+1 + Ntl , Cl NABthe
dry ether
±'
secondary alcohol mechanism
"
Piimang alcoho
hydrousis PH -0 : 11° Cte] OH
alkaline [te]
c → I
*M✗
d
""
→
acidic ca
carboxylate ion -1 R
/ -
pi ⇐ -
µ
-
C -
→ - -
← "
H -
%
-
+ ammonium
ammonia r, ¢ -
,
,z + NH} :µ
tl
-
salt ,
