WGU C181 Study Guide OA latest 2022

political socialization Ans- four influences on political values - family, school, community/peers, and media preamble Ans- creates a people explains the reason for the Constitution articulates goals fashions government James Madison Ans- "Father of the Constitution," Federalist leader, and fourth President of the United States. - Argues that the proposed contribution was designed "to break and control the violence of the faction," it's purpose was to demonstrate that the proposed government likely to be dominated by any faction. The key was to have a large central government. (divided into 3 separate groups, legislative, executive, and judicial.) the separation of powers James Madison Ans- Argued that the separation of powers and checks and balances would control efforts of tyranny from any source. If powers are distributed equally among the three branches, each branch will have the opportunity to counteract each other with the checks and balances James Madison Ans- father of the Constitution and the Bill of Rights petition for certiorari Ans- a petition asking the Supreme Court to hear a case - court selects fewer than 100 out of 8000 filed cases Native Americans Ans- Considered foreigner's that were considered members of a tribe nation. In 1924, Indians received U.S. citizenship. Until that time, they had been considered members of tribal nations whose relations with the U.S. government were determined by treaties. 19th Amendment Ans- women's right to vote 26th Amendment Ans- voting age changed from 21 to 18 Reapportionment Ans- redistribution of representatives among the states based on a population change. The HOUSE of representatives are reapportioned among the states after each census Redistricting Ans- when the state government redraw CONGRESSIONAL election, again based on population change Conventional Participation Ans- Conventional political behaviors fall into two major categories: actions that show support for government policies and those that try to change or influence policies. Acting through its institutions—meeting with public officials, supporting candidates, and voting in elections Non-conventional participation Ans- Uncommon political behaviors; challenges or defies established Govt. and business institutions Voting Ans- young people are less like to vote Education is a key factor for voting Agenda Building Ans- Process of bringing new issues into the limelight: interest groups, getting their issue Govt. attention, getting Govt. political agenda, getting voter and media attention PAC - Political Action Comittee Ans- Official registered organization formed within an interest group that does all political action for the group; Gathers contributions from members and send them to political candidates civil liberties Sherbert vs Verner Ans- if you couldn't work on Saturday due to religious beliefs and were fired or refused unemployment benefits, this would be a violation of Sherbert vs Verner What Party would support higher taxes? Ans- Liberals Conservatives Ans- Order over Freedom and Lower Taxes Horse race Journalism Ans- media election coverage that focuses on which candidate is ahead rather than exploring the national news Oversight Ans- committees review operations of a Govt. agency to see if bureaucracy is enforcing the laws the way congress intended Liberals Ans- EQUALITY, usually democratic - everyone treated the same - more govt. (Those who are willing to use government to promote equality but not order) Libertarians Ans- freedom; the absence of constraints on behavior. (Those who are opposed to using government to promote either order or equality) Conservatives Ans- ORDER; usually men and Republican - protection of life and property - less Govt. Public Goods Ans- schools sanitation police equality of Opportunity Ans- Everyone is guaranteed the same chance to succeed in life. Equality of Outcome Ans- What govt. must ensure, that people are equal in social and economic outcome Totalitarianism Ans- total govt. A political philosophy that advocates unlimited power for the government to enable it to control all sectors of society Anarchism Ans- no govt. philosophy that opposes all forms of govt social contract theory Ans- rules (laws) that bind everyone Must give up some freedom In reference to declaration of independence, "Whenever any form of of Govt becomes destructive, it is the right of the people to alter or abolish it" Communisn Ans- classless society strict social order Socialism Ans- welfare state same plane economically (central government plays a strong role in regulating existing private industry and directing the economy, although it does allow some private ownership of productive capacity) political ideology Ans- consistent set of values or beliefs about the proper purpose or scope of govt president power Ans- commander in chief; commander of the armies checks and balances Ans- A government structure that gives each branch some scrutiny of and control over the other branches. 1) Legislative Branch - Senate and House 2) Executive Branch - President 3) Judicial Branch - Supreme and lower courts *Checks & Balances OVER the Judicial Branch from Executive - Only the President nominates all federal judges, including Supreme Court nominees. (If Senate does not confirm then President nominates another.)Only the President grants pardons, reprieves, or amnesty *Checks & Balances OVER the Judicial Branch from the Legislative Together the Senate and House of Representatives can create and eliminate federal courts. Together the Senate and House of Representatives can impeach government officials Legislative Branch Ans- 2 branches House and Senate Have most power, make laws Executive Branch Ans- Make, execute laws Judicial Branch Ans- enforce laws power of judiciary review power not listed in constitution, it was a power they gave to theirselves over the years that was never challenged Judicial review Ans- power to declare congressional and presidential act unconstitutional Maybury vs Madison Ans- -gave us judicial review; the federal courts have the power to determine whether the other branches are acting constitutionally or not Full faith and credit clause Ans- Creates unity among the states ie. Driver's licenses and marriage licenses are honored in other states Supremacy clause Ans- Ensures that state laws do not conflict with national laws. National law overrides state laws Articles of confederation Ans- The contract among the thirteen original states that established the first government of the United States. - State had the most power National law - Articles of Confederation Ans- national law did not have power to create revenue Shays Rebellion Ans- showed need for more central govt., called for the national convention to revise the articles of confederation Anti-federalist Ans- Wanted to add the bill of rights to limit the power of national govt. necessary and proper clause Ans- The last clause in Section 8 of Article I of the Constitution, which gives Congress the means to execute its enumerated powers. This clause is the basis for Congress's implied powers. Also called the elastic clause. implied powers Ans- those powers that Congress needs to execute its enumerated powers. For example, the power to levy and collect taxes (clause 1) and the power to coin money and regulate its value (clause 5) 15th Amendment Ans- black men have the right to vote Plessy vs Ferguson Ans- Separate but equal doctrine. Segregation was legal as long as it was equal among white and blacks. This was changed later in the Brown vs the Board of Education which eliminated the separate but equal doctrine. de jure segregation Ans- segregation by the law or govt. de facto segregation Ans- segregation by private establishments civil rights movement Ans- bans racial discrimination in public accommodations, employment, and promotion Rosa Parks Ans- Refused to give her seat up on a bus. She was arrested and fined. Started the Civil rights movement. MLK jr encouraged them. bus companies were boycotted, causing them to go bankrupt. Reserved powers Ans- 10th amendment - reserved powers for the states Regents of the University of California v. Bakke Ans- white male who sued for reverse discrimination. Bakke argues that he was more qualified than all of the minorities that were admitted instead of him. The minorities were admitted to fill quota don't ask don't tell Ans- law that gays could serve secretly in the military presidential veto Ans- congress can override a presidential veto of a bill by a 2/3 vote civil liberties Ans- negative rights; what the govt. cannot take away from you *Freedoms guaranteed to individuals taking the form of restraint on government. civil rights Ans- positive rights- powers or privileges guaranteed to individuals that must be provided by govt. 2nd amendment Ans- right to bear arms 4th amendment Ans- protected against unlawful search or seizure free exercise clause Ans- The second clause in the First Amendment, which prevents the government from interfering with the exercise of religion Lemon Vs Kurtzman Ans- The justices proposed a three-pronged test for determining the constitutionality of government programs and laws under the establishment clause (separation of religion and state): -They must have a secular purpose (such as lending books to parochial school students). -Their primary effect must not be to advance or inhibit religion. -They must not entangle the government excessively with religion Miranda vs Arizona Ans- Miranda rights that police have to tell you! -You have the right to remain silent. -Anything you say can be used against you in court. -You have the right to talk to a lawyer of your own choice before questioning. -If you cannot afford to hire a lawyer, a lawyer will be provided without charge. pluralist Ans- modern society consists of innumerable groups that share economic, religious, ethnic, or cultural interests. *interest groups* divided authority, decentralization, and open access elite theory Ans- The view that a small group of people actually makes most of the important government decisions majoritarian Ans- responsive to the people mass public control govt dual federalism Ans- layer cake metaphor separation of state and national govt When do greatest changes to national power occur? Ans- at times of crisis and change grants in aid Ans- 2 examples project grants ie. highways; block grant ie. welfare preemption Ans- if federal govt does not like how the states are spending the money, they can assume responsibility and enforce it in one's particular state