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Book summary consumer behaviour

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Hoofdstuk 11: consumer decision making
Consumer decision process

Stap 1: problem recognition
Problem recognition = the consumer’s realization of the gap between his/her current state and the
desired state
2 causes:
- Internal stimuli: perceived states of discomfort arising from something inside you
- External stimuli: sources of information you see outside
 Problem stimulus: one in which the problem itself is the source of information (bv.
vieze was zien)
 Solution stimulus: the information emanating from a solution itself (bv. nieuwe jurk
zien laat ons opens bedenken dat dat kopen handig zou zijn voor aankomend feest)
For problem recognition there are four avenues:
- stock depletion = wanneer je product op is
- life stage changes = wanneer je bijvoorbeeld student wordt heb je nieuwe behoeftes (laptop?)
- developing new taste
- Encounter with new technology/new products

Step 2: information search
Zoekt informatie eerst over alternatieven die aanwezig zijn en daarna over de features van deze
alternatieven
 Internal search: gaat af op je eigen kennis (welke merken heb je de vorige keer gekocht, etc)
 External search: gaat op zoek naar info in market communications, media, and other
consumers

Awareness set = al de merken die je kent
Evoked set = alle merken die je weet te herinneren op het moment dat je een beslissing moet maken
Inert set = de merken die je je niet herineert op moment dat je een beslissing moet maken
Inept set = de merken die je wel weet te herinneren maar niet suitable zijn voor deze keer
Consideration set = set van merken die je overweegt te kopen

Search strategy = the pattern of information acquisition that consumers utilize to solve their decision
problem:
- Systematic information search: organized pattern, directed at answering specific questions
- Heuristic search: rules of thumb  quick inference (bv. technologische termen dan vast
superior product), brand name, past experience, recommendation
 Welke zoekstyle je gebruikt hangt af van:
- Cognitive style = consumers mindset
- Problem complexity = how simple the apparent solutions appear at the beginning of the search
Problem complexity kan je verdelen in:
- Routine problems = heb je al vaak opgelost
- Extended problems = risks of wrong choice are high
- Limited problems = risks are moderate and product/service is not overly complex

Extend of information search depending on:
- Perceived risk
- Involvement
- Familiarity & expertise

, - Consumers’ shopping style
- Time pressure

Step 3: alternative evaluation
Je hebt twee dingen nodig:
- Evaluation criteria = standards against which consumers evaluate products
- Judgment models = procedures and rules consumers use so as to consider various product
attributes to arrive at their product choices
 Phased decision strategy: maakt eerst de set van alternatieven kleiner (=alternative elimination
stage) om ze daarna verder te kunnen vergelijken (=alternative selection stage)

Step 4: purchase
Geen belangrijk informatie geoemd

Step 5: post-purchase
Geen belangrijke informatie genoemd

Hoofdstuk 4: consumer learning, memory, and nostalgia
Learning = acquiring a response to a stimulus
 Response kan behavioral of mental zijn
 The purpose of all human learning is to acquire a potential for future adaptive bahvior

4 soorten learning:


Classical conditioning modeling

Consumer
learning

Instrumental Cognitive learning
conditioning



- Classical conditioning (hond + eten&bel)
 Unconditioned stimulus = stimulus to which the consumer already has a pre-existing
response (eten zorgt sowieso voor reactive = unconditioned)
 Conditioned stimulus = a new condition response (bel had eerst geen waarde/reactie,
maar nu wel)
- Instrumental learning (duif in een kooitje met schok)
= wanneer iemand gedrag leert doordat het rewarding is  dus gedrag is instrument voor belonging
 Extrinsic reward = extern van het product (bv. coupons)
 Intrinsic = beloning die ingebouwd zit in het product
- Modeling
= learning by observing others
- Cognitive learning (je studie)
= learning by acquiring new information from written or oral communication, 2 levels:
 Rote memorization: we herhalen informatie totdat deze in ons lange termijn geheugen
zit
 Problem solving: we zijn actief bezig met het verwerken van informatie om
judgements te kunnen maken

, Kan ook het onderscheid maken tussen:
 Low-involvement learning: wanneer het wel relevant is, maar er niet veel “at stake” is
(bv. tandpasta)
 High-involvement learning: wanneer het wel zeer belangrijk is en er veel “at stake” is
(bv. een auto kopen)

Stimulus generalization = a process wherein a consumer extends a learned response for one stimulus
to other similar but unidentical stimuli (als je je hand gebrand hebt aan een gele lamp, zal je ook van
een rode lamp afblijven)  dus een shortcut
Stimulus discrimination = a process wherein a consumer perceives two stimuli as different so that the
response learned for one stimulus is not repeated for the other

Memory = a place in the human brain where information is processed and stored, 3 delen:
- Sensory memory: hiermee houden we informatie kort in leven
- Short term memory: als we besluiten attentie te geven aan de sensatie komen we in de STM.
Deze houdt en verwerkt de informatie voor het huidige moment
 Kan dingen langer onthouden door deze te coderen of door ze te herhalen
- Long term memory: bewaart de informatie die we op het huidige moment niet nodig hebben

3 manieren om informatie vanuit de STM in de LTM te krijgen:
- Repetition  kan actief zijn (steeds iets herhalen) of passief (steeds hetzelfde spotje zien)
 Rehearsal = the process of repetition, when the consumer is the one actively doing the
repeating
- Mnemonics = memory devices that help us remember information through some nonsensical
associations (bijvoorbeeld onthouden dat je date graag liga als lunch eet omdat beide met een l
begin  ezelsbruggetjes)
- Elaboration = the active processing of information in conjunction with other information
already in memory so as to identify meaning in the new information  kapstok-effect

Associative network = a network of various concepts organized and stored in memory
Concept = a name or label given to any object or quality of an object, person, situation, or an idea

Alle kennis kan ingedeeld worden in twee soorten:
- Episodic knowledge = descriptions of events
- Semantic knowledge = information about objects and their properties
 In je memory bestaat deze tweedeling du sook
- Semantic memories = memories of objects and their properties
- Episodic memories = memories of events

Twee mechanisms om informatie uit je LTM terug te halen:
- Recognition = identifying a stimulus as having been encountered before – retrieving info
based on exposure to a relevant external stimulus object
- Recall, 2 soorten:
 Unaided recall = accessing information without any clues
 Aided recall = accessing information with some clues
!! Spreading activation = the phenomenon where consciousness of one of the nodes suddenly activates
our consciousness of all the other nodes!!

Innovatie

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