The Handbook of Artificial Intelligence
Volume II
Edited by
Avron Barr
and
Edward A. Feigenbaum
Department of Computer Science
Stanford University
HEURISTECH P R E S S WILLIAM KAUFMANN, INC.
Stanford, California Los Altos, California
,Library of Congress C a t a l o g i n g in P u b l i c a t i o n D a t a :
T h e handbook of artificial intelligence.
Bibliography: p. 381
Includes index.
I. Artificial intelligence. I. Barr, Avron, 1949
II. Feigenbaum, Edward A.
Q335JJ36 001.53'5 80-28621
ISBN 0-86576-004-7 (set)
ISBN 0-86576-006-3 (Vol. II)
ISBN 0-86576-088-8 (set) (pbk.)
ISBN 0-86576-090-X (Vol. II) (pbk.)
Copyright © 1982 by William Kaufmann, Inc.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced,
stored in a retrieval system, or trasmitted, in any form or by any
means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or other-
wise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. How-
ever, this work may be reproduced in whole or in part for the official
use of the U. S. Government on the condition that copyright notice
is included with such official reproduction. For further information,
write to: Permissions, William Kaufmann, Inc., 95 First Street,
Los Altos, California 94022.
10 9 8 7 6 5 4
Printed in the United States of America
,To Herbert A. Simon, scholar and teacher,
In honor of his sixty-fifth birthday and
In recognition of his seminal contributions
to the scientific study of thinking and
to the field of Artificial Intelligence
, LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS
Ν on-Stanford affiliations indicated if known.
Chapter Editors
Janice Aikins (Hewlett-Packard) Bob Elschlager (Tymshare)
James S. Bennett Lawrence Fagan
Victor Ciesielski (Rutgers U) Anne v.d.L. Gardner
William J. Clancey Takeo Kanade (CMU)
Paul R. Cohen Jorge Phillips (Kestrel)
James E. Davidson Steve Tappel
Thomas G. Dietterich Stephen Westfold (Kestrel)
Contributors
Robert Anderson (Rand) Christian Freksa (Max Plank, Munich)
Douglas Appelt (SRI) Peter Friedland
David Arnold Hiromichi Fujisawa (CMU)
Michael Ballantyne (U Texas) Richard P. Gabriel
David Barstow (Schlumberger) Michael R. Genesereth
Peter Biesel (Rutgers U) Neil Goldman (ISI)
Lee Blaine (Lockheed) Ira Goldstein (Hewlett-Packard)
W. W. Bledsoe (U Texas) George Heidorn (IBM)
David A. Bourne (CMU) Martin Herman (CMU)
Rodney Brooks (MIT) Annette Herskovits
Bruce G. Buchanan Douglas Hofstadter (Indiana U)
Richard Chestek Elaine Kant (CMU)
Kenneth Clarkson Fuminobu Komura (CMU)
Nancy H. Cornelius (CMU) William Laaser (Xerox)
James L. Crowley (CMU) Douglas B. Lenat
Randall Davis (MIT) William J. Long (MIT)
Gerard Dechen Robert London
Johan de Kleer (Xerox) Bruce D. Lucas (CMU)
Jon Doyle (CMU) Pamela McCorduck
R. Geoff Dromey (U Wollongong) Mark L. Miller (Computer Thought)
Richard Duda (Fairchild) Robert C. Moore (SRI)
Robert S. Engelmore (Teknowledge) Richard Pattis
Ramez El-Masri (Honeywell) Stanley J. Rosenschein (SRI)
Susan Epstein (Rutgers U) Neil C. Rowe
Robert E. Filman (Hewlett-Packard) Gregory R. Ruth (MIT)
Fritz Fisher (Ramtek) Daniel Sagalowicz (SRI)
ix
Volume II
Edited by
Avron Barr
and
Edward A. Feigenbaum
Department of Computer Science
Stanford University
HEURISTECH P R E S S WILLIAM KAUFMANN, INC.
Stanford, California Los Altos, California
,Library of Congress C a t a l o g i n g in P u b l i c a t i o n D a t a :
T h e handbook of artificial intelligence.
Bibliography: p. 381
Includes index.
I. Artificial intelligence. I. Barr, Avron, 1949
II. Feigenbaum, Edward A.
Q335JJ36 001.53'5 80-28621
ISBN 0-86576-004-7 (set)
ISBN 0-86576-006-3 (Vol. II)
ISBN 0-86576-088-8 (set) (pbk.)
ISBN 0-86576-090-X (Vol. II) (pbk.)
Copyright © 1982 by William Kaufmann, Inc.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced,
stored in a retrieval system, or trasmitted, in any form or by any
means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or other-
wise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. How-
ever, this work may be reproduced in whole or in part for the official
use of the U. S. Government on the condition that copyright notice
is included with such official reproduction. For further information,
write to: Permissions, William Kaufmann, Inc., 95 First Street,
Los Altos, California 94022.
10 9 8 7 6 5 4
Printed in the United States of America
,To Herbert A. Simon, scholar and teacher,
In honor of his sixty-fifth birthday and
In recognition of his seminal contributions
to the scientific study of thinking and
to the field of Artificial Intelligence
, LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS
Ν on-Stanford affiliations indicated if known.
Chapter Editors
Janice Aikins (Hewlett-Packard) Bob Elschlager (Tymshare)
James S. Bennett Lawrence Fagan
Victor Ciesielski (Rutgers U) Anne v.d.L. Gardner
William J. Clancey Takeo Kanade (CMU)
Paul R. Cohen Jorge Phillips (Kestrel)
James E. Davidson Steve Tappel
Thomas G. Dietterich Stephen Westfold (Kestrel)
Contributors
Robert Anderson (Rand) Christian Freksa (Max Plank, Munich)
Douglas Appelt (SRI) Peter Friedland
David Arnold Hiromichi Fujisawa (CMU)
Michael Ballantyne (U Texas) Richard P. Gabriel
David Barstow (Schlumberger) Michael R. Genesereth
Peter Biesel (Rutgers U) Neil Goldman (ISI)
Lee Blaine (Lockheed) Ira Goldstein (Hewlett-Packard)
W. W. Bledsoe (U Texas) George Heidorn (IBM)
David A. Bourne (CMU) Martin Herman (CMU)
Rodney Brooks (MIT) Annette Herskovits
Bruce G. Buchanan Douglas Hofstadter (Indiana U)
Richard Chestek Elaine Kant (CMU)
Kenneth Clarkson Fuminobu Komura (CMU)
Nancy H. Cornelius (CMU) William Laaser (Xerox)
James L. Crowley (CMU) Douglas B. Lenat
Randall Davis (MIT) William J. Long (MIT)
Gerard Dechen Robert London
Johan de Kleer (Xerox) Bruce D. Lucas (CMU)
Jon Doyle (CMU) Pamela McCorduck
R. Geoff Dromey (U Wollongong) Mark L. Miller (Computer Thought)
Richard Duda (Fairchild) Robert C. Moore (SRI)
Robert S. Engelmore (Teknowledge) Richard Pattis
Ramez El-Masri (Honeywell) Stanley J. Rosenschein (SRI)
Susan Epstein (Rutgers U) Neil C. Rowe
Robert E. Filman (Hewlett-Packard) Gregory R. Ruth (MIT)
Fritz Fisher (Ramtek) Daniel Sagalowicz (SRI)
ix
