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samenvatting systeemfysiologie spijsvertering: secreties en motiliteit (Depoortere)

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samenvatting les 1 & 2 systeemfysiologie spijsvertering (Depoortere).

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Spijsvertering
Deel 1: Gastro-intestinale
motiliteit
Inleiding
Maagdarmsysteem MDS
= holle buis mond  anus
in compartimenten: structuur ~ functie, scheiding door sluitspieren

Functie voedsel bewerken
- Elk compartiment eigen functie
- Toevoegen secreties van speekselklieren, lever en pancreas

Extra functies:
- regulatie honger door enzymen en snelheid maaglediging
- bescherming toxische stoffen dr epitheliale barrière en immunologie

Anatomie gastro-intestinale tractus (GI)
Lumen  mucosa  muscularis mucosa  submucosa  spierlaag  serosa
dunne spierlaag los BW omhullend BW

Mucosa
= epitheliale laag + lamina propria (= BW met bloedvaten, immuuncellen, ..)
 oppervlakte vergroting: villi (uitstulpsels) uit gobletcellen
crypten (invaginaties) uit goblet, entero-endocriene, absortive cellen
gobletcel => secretie mucus
entero-endocriene cellen => secretie hormonen
 vernieuwing epitheliale laag na paar dagen door stamcellen op bodem crypten

Spierlaag
= circulaire laag – myenterische plexus - longitudinale spierlaag

BW
= met bloedvaten, zenuwcellen, (+lymfevaten bij serosa)




1

,GI motiliteit: Controle mechanismen MDS MK vragen terminologie
Neuronale, myogene en hormonale controle

Neuronale controle: extrinsiek – intrinsiek
 door enterisch (intrinsiek) , autonoom (para- en sympatisch)
en willekeurige ZS (slokdarm anus) (meestal samenspel autonome en willekeurige ZS)

Intrinsieke controle MDS
= door enterische ZS = intrinsieke ZS = the little brain
=> MDS bevat eigen ZS, werkt onafhankelijk v. CZS

 Short reflex circuit = snelle respons op bolus in maagdarmsysteem = short cut

Principe


bolus in wand => actieve R (mucosa)
(=> hormoon vrij: bindt R sens. (kan))
=> actief sensorisch n°: signaal
 inter n°  motor n°
=> actief effectorsysteem
=> ∆contracties, secreties, hormoon




Stimulus: bolus in darmwand => digestie => °glucose, VZ,.. => actieve chemoreceptoren
=> distentie = uitrekking => actieve mechanoreceptoren
=> inhoud w isotoon => actieve osmoreceptoren

Inhibitorisch inter n°
Excitatorisch inter n°
= vooral distaal van bolus
= vooral proximaal van bolus
=> NO, ATP, VIP/PACAP vrij => relaxatie
=> Ach en Substance P vrij => contractie

DUS peristaltis: contractie voor vs relax achter bolus

Opbouw enterisch ZS
= netwerk zenuwcellen in MDS = plexus
=> werken onafhankelijk van CZS
- Myenterische plexus (=Auerbach)
=> regulatie contracties van mond tot anus (slokdarm-rectum)
= tussen circulaire en longitudinale spierlaag
= uit ganglia/ zenuwknopen (=verzameling miljoenen cellichamen neuronen)
- Submucosus plexus (= Meissner)
=> regulatie secreties in dunne-dikke darm
= in submucosa
DUS stukje darm kan zelfstandig contraheren en uitwerpen feces ZONDER autonome ZS




2

, Excentrieke controle MDS
= door autonome ZS + paar willekeurige vezels
=> extrinsieke bezenuwing

 Long reflexes = vasovagale-reflex = langere pathway

Principe: vasovagale-reflex




Bolus in darm
=> afferente zenuwen: signaal  CZS
=> efferente zenuwen: terug  darm
=> actief effectorsystemen
=> gut behavior




Extrinsieke bezenuwing: algemeen
willekeurig en autonoom

Willekeurig ZS (oiv wil)
=> enkel slikken en defeceren
=> bovenaan slokdarm dmv nervus hypoglossus + bij rectum dmv n. pudendus

Autonome ZS (niet oiv wil)
=> darmcontractie
o Parasympatische innervatie
- n. vagus: hersenstam  proximale (bovenste) deel MDS
- n. splanchnicus pelvinus : sacrale ruggenmerg  distale colon & rectum
(=bekkenzenuw)
o Excentriek-sympathische innervatie
- zenuwen ruggenmerg  para- en prevertebrale ganglia: postganglionair  darm

Extrinsieke bezenuwing: de afferente autonome pathways
o Parasympatische innervatie
- n. vagus
=> sensorische info van slokdarm + 1/3 transverse colon nr medulla
- bekkenzenuw
=> sensorische info van 2/3 transverse colon tot rectum  ruggenmerg

o Excentriek-sympathische innervatie
=> afferent signaal chemo- en mechanoR maagdarm  CZS via 1 v/d 4 prevertebrale ganglia
 bloedvaten komen samen  ruggenmerg




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