Type of tectonic event Hazards Reasons to live there (if Mitigation (if applicable) Environmental Social+ Economic Political
Volcanic eruptions applicable)
Eyjafjallajokull, Iceland Constructive/divergent, Preparedness- MAE:during 1973 Eldfell Heat from eruption under Local roads closed, the Following travel
2010 NorthAmerican↔Eurasia engineers opened gaps Heimaey effusive ice caps=meltwater Markarfljot river washed disruption, EU ministers
Explosive eruption, L4 n plates along in road allow meltwater to eruption diverting lava glacial burst (jokulhlaup) away and 800 local agreed to accelerate the
Pelean/ cataclysmic mid-atlantic ridge escape prevent bridge flows using dams, cool causing flooding people evac. ↓mobility integration of national air
Eldfell Heimaey, Iceland 400m fissure, 10-12 collapse lava using sea water Pastures suffered from Heavy ashfall=school traffic control systems
1973 (mitigation) craters, multiple vents Geothermal energy- attempt to save local ash-fall was deep↑10cm closures into Single European Sky,
Effusive eruption 2km stretch Hellisheidi power plant infrastructure, significant Longer term nutrients Health issues also to immediate
Also over Icelandic Tephra+Ash(jetstream SWIceland, 90% ash+gas+lava flows, 19 released from ash may 7million air passengers creation of crisis
hotspot transported ash SE) domestic heating and hot miles of pipes and 43 improve soil fertility stranded coordination group to
Lahars/Jokulhlaups water from ground pumps Ash mixed with meltwater ↓Air noise pollution handle future disruptions
(icecap Tourism- Blue Lagoon, MAV: creates mudslides/ lahars Farmers keep animals Ban on flights in UK
meltwater+soil+ash+gase 6m tonnes hot water -Monitoring volcanoes, raising river channel inside avoid death disrupted general election
s) annually from Svartsengi observing changes in beds↑flooding risk through poisoning campaign
Water contamination from geoplant temperature and Vast amounts of Airport+flight
silica and fluoride content Agriculture- tomatoes composition of hot ash+tephra along 5,000ft closures-loss£1.2bn, up
Divergent NA↔Eurasian year round, ↑soil fertility springs fissure to 107,000 cancellations
plates Mining-liquid CO2 -Seismic activity Wall of lava 120ft high, 48% air traffic disrupting
Hotspot location carbonated drinks. increases prior to 1,000ft width up to 10mill passengers
Composite cone Basalt+Rhyolite road capacity Lava flows= destruction By 31/03 10,000 people
Jan-June building -Ground deformation of natural + built visited eruption↑
Lava flows-cut off island Lack of choice -Patterns of volcanic environment through fire Kenyan farmers dump
fishing port activity and 20ft thick tephra stock lost £2.8bn
Ash+tephra- covering MAL: Travel agents UK lost
most of island 5,300 islanders £6bn, long-term
evacuated immediately, 300 buildings lost to fire,
300 remained to fight 65 buildings collapse due
lava flows to 20ft thick Tephra on
roofs
Mount Merapi, Indonesia Convergent/ destructive, Agriculture-high-intensit MAE: lava diversion Acute respiratory+other Aviation disruption across Re-location of refugee
2010 Indo-Australian y, low tech subsistence channels, dams built in related health issues from Java, Bandung, camps within 15km
Explosive eruption, subducted beneath tropical farm sizes valleys hold back lahars eruption survivors Jakarta&Solo, radius- burden upon
L4 Pelean/ cataclysmic Eurasian 1-2hectares providing for MAV: community Settlements buried under international+domestic logistics and deliveries of
Stratovolcano,2910m↑se communities+families preparedness, monitoring volcanic ash airlines suspended amenities to displaced
a level Paddy-grownrice-second Centre for Volcanology Heavy rain caused operations to these cities people
Volcanic earthquakes ary cash crops part of and Geological Hazard lahars- wash ash+rock 4.23trillion rupiah material President set up
Pyroclastic flows 3km rotational practices Mitigation (CVGHM) through towns+bridges loss, 3,000 buildings ministers to coordinate
down mountain up to e.g.tobacco,corn MAL:aid and emergency Glagahmalang village damaged aid from central govt
100km/hour Mining-sand&stone relief. Military trained in buried in sand RP247.3bn loss Military mobilised
Lava flows Tourism-3 different search+rescue, safe Surface coatings volcanic agricultural sector, 65% brigade-construct
Volcanic bombs+heat approaches to summit zones in case of ash ↑acidic- plume of crop damage+crop failure makeshift
clouds up to 800℃ used by climbers, tickets evacuation aerosols strong mineral 201 Hectares forest hospitals+kitchens to
spread over 10km $10 acids H2SO4, HCL, HF 309ha state forest and serve displaced popn
, Lahars Community/popn-Sflank 357ha plantation area Refugees received
Sulphur dioxide blown s approximate density Production fish ↓by 50% medical treatment at
across Indonesia, Indian 2
1400 people/𝑘𝑚 353ppl killed,557 ppl clinic set up inside the
Ocean, SAustralia Lack of choice injured pyroclastic flows, refugee shelters with
ash and lahars serious cases dispatched
350,000 people made to local hospital, mt
homeless merapi refugees not
Overcrowded evacuation required to pay
centres-poor
health,sanitation,privacy
School closures
120km(75miles)W of
Yogyakarta
Psychological problems
eruption survivors, 500
cases
Mbah Maridjan e
volcano's spiritual
gatekeeper was found
dead at his home 4 km
(2.5 mi) from the peak.
Borobudur, a Buddhist
temple heavily affected
by the eruption Volcanic
ash from Mount Merapi
fell on the temple
complex, which is
approximately 28
kilometres (17 mi)
west-southwest of the
crater.
Mount Etna, Italy… Convergent plate MAE:Barrier construction,
Explosive boundary Eurasian, trenches+concrete
L2 Strombolian subducting African⇅ blocks, lava flows of
Stratovolcano 1983+2001 eruption.
Tephra+Ash 1983 barrier 18m↑+10m
Lava flows ↹ overrun
Gas emissions= MAV:predicting/monitorin
Contamination water g (INIGV 24hrs a day)
table temp, seismometers-
close airports Feb 2022
explosive eruption=12km
high plume smoke+ash
Building design
MAL:insurance (AC- can
compensate
Volcanic eruptions applicable)
Eyjafjallajokull, Iceland Constructive/divergent, Preparedness- MAE:during 1973 Eldfell Heat from eruption under Local roads closed, the Following travel
2010 NorthAmerican↔Eurasia engineers opened gaps Heimaey effusive ice caps=meltwater Markarfljot river washed disruption, EU ministers
Explosive eruption, L4 n plates along in road allow meltwater to eruption diverting lava glacial burst (jokulhlaup) away and 800 local agreed to accelerate the
Pelean/ cataclysmic mid-atlantic ridge escape prevent bridge flows using dams, cool causing flooding people evac. ↓mobility integration of national air
Eldfell Heimaey, Iceland 400m fissure, 10-12 collapse lava using sea water Pastures suffered from Heavy ashfall=school traffic control systems
1973 (mitigation) craters, multiple vents Geothermal energy- attempt to save local ash-fall was deep↑10cm closures into Single European Sky,
Effusive eruption 2km stretch Hellisheidi power plant infrastructure, significant Longer term nutrients Health issues also to immediate
Also over Icelandic Tephra+Ash(jetstream SWIceland, 90% ash+gas+lava flows, 19 released from ash may 7million air passengers creation of crisis
hotspot transported ash SE) domestic heating and hot miles of pipes and 43 improve soil fertility stranded coordination group to
Lahars/Jokulhlaups water from ground pumps Ash mixed with meltwater ↓Air noise pollution handle future disruptions
(icecap Tourism- Blue Lagoon, MAV: creates mudslides/ lahars Farmers keep animals Ban on flights in UK
meltwater+soil+ash+gase 6m tonnes hot water -Monitoring volcanoes, raising river channel inside avoid death disrupted general election
s) annually from Svartsengi observing changes in beds↑flooding risk through poisoning campaign
Water contamination from geoplant temperature and Vast amounts of Airport+flight
silica and fluoride content Agriculture- tomatoes composition of hot ash+tephra along 5,000ft closures-loss£1.2bn, up
Divergent NA↔Eurasian year round, ↑soil fertility springs fissure to 107,000 cancellations
plates Mining-liquid CO2 -Seismic activity Wall of lava 120ft high, 48% air traffic disrupting
Hotspot location carbonated drinks. increases prior to 1,000ft width up to 10mill passengers
Composite cone Basalt+Rhyolite road capacity Lava flows= destruction By 31/03 10,000 people
Jan-June building -Ground deformation of natural + built visited eruption↑
Lava flows-cut off island Lack of choice -Patterns of volcanic environment through fire Kenyan farmers dump
fishing port activity and 20ft thick tephra stock lost £2.8bn
Ash+tephra- covering MAL: Travel agents UK lost
most of island 5,300 islanders £6bn, long-term
evacuated immediately, 300 buildings lost to fire,
300 remained to fight 65 buildings collapse due
lava flows to 20ft thick Tephra on
roofs
Mount Merapi, Indonesia Convergent/ destructive, Agriculture-high-intensit MAE: lava diversion Acute respiratory+other Aviation disruption across Re-location of refugee
2010 Indo-Australian y, low tech subsistence channels, dams built in related health issues from Java, Bandung, camps within 15km
Explosive eruption, subducted beneath tropical farm sizes valleys hold back lahars eruption survivors Jakarta&Solo, radius- burden upon
L4 Pelean/ cataclysmic Eurasian 1-2hectares providing for MAV: community Settlements buried under international+domestic logistics and deliveries of
Stratovolcano,2910m↑se communities+families preparedness, monitoring volcanic ash airlines suspended amenities to displaced
a level Paddy-grownrice-second Centre for Volcanology Heavy rain caused operations to these cities people
Volcanic earthquakes ary cash crops part of and Geological Hazard lahars- wash ash+rock 4.23trillion rupiah material President set up
Pyroclastic flows 3km rotational practices Mitigation (CVGHM) through towns+bridges loss, 3,000 buildings ministers to coordinate
down mountain up to e.g.tobacco,corn MAL:aid and emergency Glagahmalang village damaged aid from central govt
100km/hour Mining-sand&stone relief. Military trained in buried in sand RP247.3bn loss Military mobilised
Lava flows Tourism-3 different search+rescue, safe Surface coatings volcanic agricultural sector, 65% brigade-construct
Volcanic bombs+heat approaches to summit zones in case of ash ↑acidic- plume of crop damage+crop failure makeshift
clouds up to 800℃ used by climbers, tickets evacuation aerosols strong mineral 201 Hectares forest hospitals+kitchens to
spread over 10km $10 acids H2SO4, HCL, HF 309ha state forest and serve displaced popn
, Lahars Community/popn-Sflank 357ha plantation area Refugees received
Sulphur dioxide blown s approximate density Production fish ↓by 50% medical treatment at
across Indonesia, Indian 2
1400 people/𝑘𝑚 353ppl killed,557 ppl clinic set up inside the
Ocean, SAustralia Lack of choice injured pyroclastic flows, refugee shelters with
ash and lahars serious cases dispatched
350,000 people made to local hospital, mt
homeless merapi refugees not
Overcrowded evacuation required to pay
centres-poor
health,sanitation,privacy
School closures
120km(75miles)W of
Yogyakarta
Psychological problems
eruption survivors, 500
cases
Mbah Maridjan e
volcano's spiritual
gatekeeper was found
dead at his home 4 km
(2.5 mi) from the peak.
Borobudur, a Buddhist
temple heavily affected
by the eruption Volcanic
ash from Mount Merapi
fell on the temple
complex, which is
approximately 28
kilometres (17 mi)
west-southwest of the
crater.
Mount Etna, Italy… Convergent plate MAE:Barrier construction,
Explosive boundary Eurasian, trenches+concrete
L2 Strombolian subducting African⇅ blocks, lava flows of
Stratovolcano 1983+2001 eruption.
Tephra+Ash 1983 barrier 18m↑+10m
Lava flows ↹ overrun
Gas emissions= MAV:predicting/monitorin
Contamination water g (INIGV 24hrs a day)
table temp, seismometers-
close airports Feb 2022
explosive eruption=12km
high plume smoke+ash
Building design
MAL:insurance (AC- can
compensate
