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Samenvatting biotechnologie

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Samenvatting van 29 pagina's voor het vak Biotechnologie aan de EhB (volledig)

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Biotechnologie

Hoofdstuk 1: de prokaryoten
1. Inleiding

- Bacteriën
- Geen kern = gen. mat. vrij in cytoplasma
- Morfologie: coccus, bacillus, spirillus

2. Structuur

- 4 basiscomponenten

1) Plasma- / celmembraan
o Grens binnen & buitenkant cel
o Semipermeabel membraan = bep. chemische
samenstelling

2) Cytoplasma
o Cytosol = vloeibare substantie
 Stofwisselingsprocessen
o Organellen

3) DNA (genoom)
o Chromosomaal DNA
° Cirkelvormig
° 1 lange streng
o Extra-chromosomaal DNA = PLASMIDEN
° Circulaire stukjes
° Repliceren onafhankelijk
° Uitwisseling v genen
o Bouw v plasmiden
° ORI (origin of replication): replicatie
° AB-resistent gen
° MCS (multiple cloning site): specifieke DNA-sequenties

4) Ribosomen
o Zorgen vr eiwitproductie




ALGEMEEN
Prokaryoot = eenvoudig, 1-cellig organisme zonder kern
& zonder membraangebonden organellen



1

,Hoofdstuk 2: de eukaryoten
1. Inleiding

- Algen, protozoa, fungi, planten & dieren
- Kern
- Membraangebonden organellen
- Flagellen
- Celwand
- Celdeling
1) MITOSE = ongeslachtelijke voortplanting
o Chromosomen verdubbelen & splitsen
o 2 identieke dochtercellen

2) MEIOSE = geslachtelijke voortplanting

2. Het eenheidsmembraan

- Alle membranen = rond cel + rond organellen
- Scheiding tss binnen- & buitenkant
- Semipermeabel = laat selectief stoffen door
o Permeabiliteit = afh v grootte v mol & oplosbaarheid

Structuur:




- Fosfolipiden
o Hydrofiele kop (polair): glycerol
o Hydrofobe staart (apolair): vetzuren
- Eiwitten
1) Intrinsieke eiwitten: in dubbellaag
2) Extrinsieke eiwitten: op oppervlak
- Glycoproteïnen & -lipiden
o Suikers gekoppeld aan respiratoire prot. / lipiden
o Communicatie & interactie met andere cellen
° Boodschapper
° Celherkenning: pathogenen w herkend dr immuunsysteem
° Celadhesie: intercellulaire comm.
- Cholesterol: viscositeit & fluïditeit

2

, Functies:
- Afbraak nutriënten
- E productie

Transport:
- Passief transport
o Vereist geen E
o 3 mogelijkheden:
1) Diffusie
° Mol v hoge nr lage conc
° Kleine mol
° Tot evenwicht bereikt is

2) Gefaciliteerde diffusie
° Grotere mol
° Mbv transporteiwit

3) Osmose
° Transport v H2O mol
° Isotoon, hypertoon & hypotoon

- Actief transport
o Vereist E (ATP)
o Grote mol
o Mol v lage nr hoge conc
o 2 vormen:
1) Enzymatische pomp (ionenpomp)
° Tegen conc.gradiënt in
° Transportenzym: in / uit cel
° Bv Na/K-pomp

2) Endocytose
° Grote mol omhuld dr celmembraan
° Celmembraan afgesplitst of versmelten
° 3 types: fagocytose, pinocytose, receptor-gemedieerde endocytose




3

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