Disease Dilemmas
GEOGRAPHICAL DEBATES
,GLOBAL PATTERNS OF DISEASE AND FACTORS ENDEMIC → exists in geographical area or population
group
CLASSIFICATION OF DISEASES: Infectious/ non infectious, - Sleeping sickness confined to rural areas in
not/communicable, non/contagious, epidemic, endemic, pandemic Sub-Saharan Africa and Chagas disease in
Central and S America
INFECTIOUS - mainly kill in developing countries - Sleeping sickness: caused by parasite
- Spread by pathogens e.g. bacteria, viruses, parasites and fungi transmitted to humans by the bite of an
- Can be transmitted to others infected tsetse fly
- Contagious diseases are a class of infectious disease easily spread by direct/ - Chagas: tiny parasites transmitted by blood
indirect contact sucking insects affecting 7.6 million
- Include bacterial infections e.g. plague, typhoid and viral diseases e.g. yellow
fever and ebola
- Can be non contagious e.g. malaria, leishmaniasis and filariasis spread by EPIDEMIC → outbreak of disease that attacks many
disease vectors → mosquitoes, worms and larvae people at the same time and spreads through a
- Historically = main cause of death (Malaria killed 583,000 worldwide in 2013 population in a restricted geographical area
with most deaths in poor countries) - Ebola in West Africa in March 2014 which
- Developed countries - medical tech e.g. antibiotics and vaccines have infected 25,000 and killed 10,500 a year
eliminated most dangerous contagious diseases later mainly in Sierra Leone, Guinea and
- Zoonotic diseases (rabies, plague, psittacosis) transmitted from animals to Liberia
humans → 60% spread from animals
COMMUNICABLE
- Infectious diseases which spread from host to host by a variety of ways but
PANDEMIC → epidemic that has spread globally
do not require quarantine e.g. malaria passed by mosquitos
- Black death (14th century) and Spanish flu
NON- INFECTIOUS - mainly kill in developed countries
(18-19)
- Not communicable
- Black death killed 72-200 million and ½ of
- Variety of causes e.g. nutritional deficiencies (rickets), lifestyle (diabetes,
Europe’s population in 4 years
heart disease, cancer) and genetic inheritance (heart disease, stroke, cancer)
- Spanish flu affected ⅓ of the global
- Main cause of death in developed countries and increasingly in developing
population with ⅕ infected dying = 50m
- Cancer and cardiovascular disease = ⅔ of all premature deaths in the UK
deaths
- Whereas malawi’s top related killer is HIV/AIDS = infectious
- CORONA
,Malaria
- Infectious but non contagious tropical disease
- Concentrated in Africa, Latin America, South Asia
and SE Asia
- 3.2 billion people are at risk in 97 countries
- Malarial parasite transmitted to humans by
Anopheles mosquitoes which thrive in warm,
humid environments
- No malaria in drier, colder conditions e.g. deserts,
high mountains and plateaux
- Absent in large urban areas in the tropic
- US states bordering the Gulf of Mexico and N
Australia → effective public health measures
, Cardiovascular disease (CVD) GLOBAL VARIATIONS:
- Leading cause of deaths globally - 32%
- 17 million deaths a year, 80% in LIC/MIC
CHARACTERISTICS: - 85% of CVD deaths are due to heart attack or stroke
- Turkmenistan and Kyrgyzstan have the highest rate of CVD
- Types of CVD: (4 main - Coronary - Ethnic background - common in South Asian and African or Caribbean
Heart Disease, Stroke, Peripheral background
Arterial Disease, Aortic Disease) - Coronary heart disease, stroke, hypertension and angina
- Coronary heart disease occurs when the - Incidence rises steeply with age = major cause of mortality and morbidity
in ageing populations in HIC
flow of oxygen rich blood to the heart
- High mortality rates in Russia, sub-Saharan Africa and Arabian Peninsula
muscle is blocked or reduced CVD RELATION TO LOW AND MIDDLE INCOME COUNTRIES:
- Risk factors : - Increase in to prevalence of risk factors and lack of access to intervention
- High blood pressure - Age adjusted death rates are increasing in developed regions
- Smoking - Young people being affected by CVD - deaths within working population
- High cholesterol - Lower socioeconomic group largest rate of CVD
- Resources devoted to CVD is reduced
- Diabetes
- Sub saharan Africa - conventional risk factors
- Inactivity - no regular exercise
CVD IN ACs:
- Overweight or obese - BMI - Twice as many deaths in the developing world than developed
- Premature deaths linked to - 5.9 million people in the UK live with CVD
lifestyle e.g. tobacco - Estimated £7.4 billion on CVD healthcare costs
consumption, unhealthy diet - More likely to get CVD where you live - average deprivation (Manchester)
and physical inactivity - Variation between men and women - rates higher for men than women
GEOGRAPHICAL DEBATES
,GLOBAL PATTERNS OF DISEASE AND FACTORS ENDEMIC → exists in geographical area or population
group
CLASSIFICATION OF DISEASES: Infectious/ non infectious, - Sleeping sickness confined to rural areas in
not/communicable, non/contagious, epidemic, endemic, pandemic Sub-Saharan Africa and Chagas disease in
Central and S America
INFECTIOUS - mainly kill in developing countries - Sleeping sickness: caused by parasite
- Spread by pathogens e.g. bacteria, viruses, parasites and fungi transmitted to humans by the bite of an
- Can be transmitted to others infected tsetse fly
- Contagious diseases are a class of infectious disease easily spread by direct/ - Chagas: tiny parasites transmitted by blood
indirect contact sucking insects affecting 7.6 million
- Include bacterial infections e.g. plague, typhoid and viral diseases e.g. yellow
fever and ebola
- Can be non contagious e.g. malaria, leishmaniasis and filariasis spread by EPIDEMIC → outbreak of disease that attacks many
disease vectors → mosquitoes, worms and larvae people at the same time and spreads through a
- Historically = main cause of death (Malaria killed 583,000 worldwide in 2013 population in a restricted geographical area
with most deaths in poor countries) - Ebola in West Africa in March 2014 which
- Developed countries - medical tech e.g. antibiotics and vaccines have infected 25,000 and killed 10,500 a year
eliminated most dangerous contagious diseases later mainly in Sierra Leone, Guinea and
- Zoonotic diseases (rabies, plague, psittacosis) transmitted from animals to Liberia
humans → 60% spread from animals
COMMUNICABLE
- Infectious diseases which spread from host to host by a variety of ways but
PANDEMIC → epidemic that has spread globally
do not require quarantine e.g. malaria passed by mosquitos
- Black death (14th century) and Spanish flu
NON- INFECTIOUS - mainly kill in developed countries
(18-19)
- Not communicable
- Black death killed 72-200 million and ½ of
- Variety of causes e.g. nutritional deficiencies (rickets), lifestyle (diabetes,
Europe’s population in 4 years
heart disease, cancer) and genetic inheritance (heart disease, stroke, cancer)
- Spanish flu affected ⅓ of the global
- Main cause of death in developed countries and increasingly in developing
population with ⅕ infected dying = 50m
- Cancer and cardiovascular disease = ⅔ of all premature deaths in the UK
deaths
- Whereas malawi’s top related killer is HIV/AIDS = infectious
- CORONA
,Malaria
- Infectious but non contagious tropical disease
- Concentrated in Africa, Latin America, South Asia
and SE Asia
- 3.2 billion people are at risk in 97 countries
- Malarial parasite transmitted to humans by
Anopheles mosquitoes which thrive in warm,
humid environments
- No malaria in drier, colder conditions e.g. deserts,
high mountains and plateaux
- Absent in large urban areas in the tropic
- US states bordering the Gulf of Mexico and N
Australia → effective public health measures
, Cardiovascular disease (CVD) GLOBAL VARIATIONS:
- Leading cause of deaths globally - 32%
- 17 million deaths a year, 80% in LIC/MIC
CHARACTERISTICS: - 85% of CVD deaths are due to heart attack or stroke
- Turkmenistan and Kyrgyzstan have the highest rate of CVD
- Types of CVD: (4 main - Coronary - Ethnic background - common in South Asian and African or Caribbean
Heart Disease, Stroke, Peripheral background
Arterial Disease, Aortic Disease) - Coronary heart disease, stroke, hypertension and angina
- Coronary heart disease occurs when the - Incidence rises steeply with age = major cause of mortality and morbidity
in ageing populations in HIC
flow of oxygen rich blood to the heart
- High mortality rates in Russia, sub-Saharan Africa and Arabian Peninsula
muscle is blocked or reduced CVD RELATION TO LOW AND MIDDLE INCOME COUNTRIES:
- Risk factors : - Increase in to prevalence of risk factors and lack of access to intervention
- High blood pressure - Age adjusted death rates are increasing in developed regions
- Smoking - Young people being affected by CVD - deaths within working population
- High cholesterol - Lower socioeconomic group largest rate of CVD
- Resources devoted to CVD is reduced
- Diabetes
- Sub saharan Africa - conventional risk factors
- Inactivity - no regular exercise
CVD IN ACs:
- Overweight or obese - BMI - Twice as many deaths in the developing world than developed
- Premature deaths linked to - 5.9 million people in the UK live with CVD
lifestyle e.g. tobacco - Estimated £7.4 billion on CVD healthcare costs
consumption, unhealthy diet - More likely to get CVD where you live - average deprivation (Manchester)
and physical inactivity - Variation between men and women - rates higher for men than women
