NUR 2063pathophysiology-final-exam-review.
lOMoARcPSD|5347344
Pathophysiology Final Exam Review Latest
2022
NUR 2022 pathophysiology-final-exam-
review. PATHO FINAL (100
Q’s)
1. Differences b/w dysplasia, hyperplasia, physiological (6 q)
a. Dysplasia = deranged growth immature cells of a specific tissue that
results in atypical cells (cells vary in size, shape, and appearance)
i. often a precursor of cancer (ex. cervical dysplasia – cells start
to change + become precancerous or cancerous)
ii. * Google: Dysplasia refers to an abnormality in the maturation of
cells within a tissue; consists of an increase in immature cells
with a corresponding decrease in mature cells. Dysplasia is often
indicative of an early neoplastic process (neoplasia is the process
underlying cancer and some benign tumors)
b. Hyperplasia = increase in the # of cells in an organ or tissue
i. an organ can get enlarged as a result
ii. normal cells but there are more in number compared to normal human
body
iii. CONTROLLED process that occurs in response to an appropriate
stimulus (could be physiologic or non) and goes away once the
stimulus leaves.
iv. Physiologic hyperplasia:
1. Ex. Hormonal – breast and uterine enlargement during
pregnancy
2. Ex. Compensatory – liver regeneration after partial liver removal
HYPERTROPHY:
Downloaded by cynthia mpezeni
()
,NUR 2063pathophysiology-final-exam-review.
• Compensatory – liver part cut off and regrows?
• Adaptive – CHF + bladder
v. Non-physiologic hyperplasia: due to excess hormonal stimulation or
the effects of growth factors on target tissues
c. Metaplasia = reversible! one cell type converts into another cell type
that can better endure the change/stress (occurs when body goes into new
“environment”, if the stimulus is no longer present, cells will come into
their original type)
i. this occurs in response to chronic irritation or inflammation
ii. allows for substitution of cells that are better able to survive under
Downloaded by cynthia mpezeni
()
,NUR 2063pathophysiology-final-exam-review.
circumstances that a weak cell could not (must be same cell type…ex.
epithelial cell could be converted into another type of epithelial cell,
but NOT to a connective tissue cell)
iii. ex. Barrett’s esophagus (squamous epithelial cells change to columnar
cells)
d. Anaplasia = loss of cell differentiation (in cancerous tissue);
i. differentiated cells go backwards;
ii. “anaplasia” literally means “to form backward”
2. HIV - lab values, transmission, (CD4 count) … (* Look for key words! 2
answers where CD4 count is low but second part of the Q is tricky)
(3Q)
a. Transmission: through blood, semen, vaginal fluids, breast milk
b. CD4+ count of 200 or less = AIDS!
3. Hypersensitivity Reaction Types: (anaphylactic response… what is
body producing as a result of this response? vasoconstriction/dilatation
going on? (what kind of effects are we going to have what type of
release are from an anaphylactic response?)
a. TYPE 1 – IgE-mediated disorders ~ “Allergic, Anaphylaxis, Atopy”
i. Rapid immediate reaction, could be local or systemic!
ii. Involves CD4+ helper T cells, which leads to release of inflammatory
mediators from sensitized mast cells
iii. PATHO: Occurs when an allergen (dust, pollen, animal dander)
interacts with IgE antibodies (bound to mast cells, basophils,
eosinophils) triggers release of histamine from mast cells
histamine signals the changes associated with allergies (inflammatory
processes) allergic reaction happens almost instantly (symptoms
within minutes)
iv. Examples:
1. allergic rhinitis (seasonal allergies) some individuals will
develop an atopic rash called “urticaria” (hives) or atopic
Downloaded by cynthia mpezeni
()
, NUR 2063pathophysiology-final-exam-review.
dermatitis (eczema)
2. allergic asthma by environmental triggers; this type is also
mechanism behind more serious conditions like peanut or bee-
sting allergies that can lead to swelling of throat/lips/tongue,
SOB, stridor, and anaphylactic shock
3. drug reactions
4. food reactions
5. allergy to animals
6. ANAPHYLACTIC SHOCK = life threatening condition in which
there is systemic HISTAMINE release – mechanisms; causes a
massive global VASODILATION, hypotension, an increase in
vascular permeability and significant fluid movement into the
tissue; TX epinephrine (raises BP via vasoconstriction)
b. TYPE 2 – antibody-mediated disorders (cytotoxic hypersensitivity) ~
“AntiBody”
i. IgM and IgE antibodies against cell surface
ii. “tissue-specific” antigen
iii. Usually immediate responses
iv. PATHO: process by which IgG or IgM antibodies bind to a cell to
cause cell injury or death (antibody-mediated cytotoxicity). The
antibodies produced by the immune response bind to antigens on the
patients own cell surfaces (instead of pathogens).
v. Examples:
1. hemolytic disease of newborns (when Rh- mother has a
second Rh+ child and the maternal IgG targets fetal
RBCs)
2. grave’s disease – specific to thyroid tissue
c. TYPE 3 – complement-mediated immune disorders ~ “Immune Complex”
i. PATHO: tissue damage created by immune complexes
(aggregations of antigen + antibodies). These antibody-antigen
complexes circulate, get stuck in vessels, and stimulate inflammation,
end result being inflammation-mediated tissue damage and necrotizing
vasculitis.
ii. Examples: Systemic LUPUS erythematosus
d. TYPE 4 – T cell-mediated disorders ~ “Delayed”
Downloaded by cynthia mpezeni
()
lOMoARcPSD|5347344
Pathophysiology Final Exam Review Latest
2022
NUR 2022 pathophysiology-final-exam-
review. PATHO FINAL (100
Q’s)
1. Differences b/w dysplasia, hyperplasia, physiological (6 q)
a. Dysplasia = deranged growth immature cells of a specific tissue that
results in atypical cells (cells vary in size, shape, and appearance)
i. often a precursor of cancer (ex. cervical dysplasia – cells start
to change + become precancerous or cancerous)
ii. * Google: Dysplasia refers to an abnormality in the maturation of
cells within a tissue; consists of an increase in immature cells
with a corresponding decrease in mature cells. Dysplasia is often
indicative of an early neoplastic process (neoplasia is the process
underlying cancer and some benign tumors)
b. Hyperplasia = increase in the # of cells in an organ or tissue
i. an organ can get enlarged as a result
ii. normal cells but there are more in number compared to normal human
body
iii. CONTROLLED process that occurs in response to an appropriate
stimulus (could be physiologic or non) and goes away once the
stimulus leaves.
iv. Physiologic hyperplasia:
1. Ex. Hormonal – breast and uterine enlargement during
pregnancy
2. Ex. Compensatory – liver regeneration after partial liver removal
HYPERTROPHY:
Downloaded by cynthia mpezeni
()
,NUR 2063pathophysiology-final-exam-review.
• Compensatory – liver part cut off and regrows?
• Adaptive – CHF + bladder
v. Non-physiologic hyperplasia: due to excess hormonal stimulation or
the effects of growth factors on target tissues
c. Metaplasia = reversible! one cell type converts into another cell type
that can better endure the change/stress (occurs when body goes into new
“environment”, if the stimulus is no longer present, cells will come into
their original type)
i. this occurs in response to chronic irritation or inflammation
ii. allows for substitution of cells that are better able to survive under
Downloaded by cynthia mpezeni
()
,NUR 2063pathophysiology-final-exam-review.
circumstances that a weak cell could not (must be same cell type…ex.
epithelial cell could be converted into another type of epithelial cell,
but NOT to a connective tissue cell)
iii. ex. Barrett’s esophagus (squamous epithelial cells change to columnar
cells)
d. Anaplasia = loss of cell differentiation (in cancerous tissue);
i. differentiated cells go backwards;
ii. “anaplasia” literally means “to form backward”
2. HIV - lab values, transmission, (CD4 count) … (* Look for key words! 2
answers where CD4 count is low but second part of the Q is tricky)
(3Q)
a. Transmission: through blood, semen, vaginal fluids, breast milk
b. CD4+ count of 200 or less = AIDS!
3. Hypersensitivity Reaction Types: (anaphylactic response… what is
body producing as a result of this response? vasoconstriction/dilatation
going on? (what kind of effects are we going to have what type of
release are from an anaphylactic response?)
a. TYPE 1 – IgE-mediated disorders ~ “Allergic, Anaphylaxis, Atopy”
i. Rapid immediate reaction, could be local or systemic!
ii. Involves CD4+ helper T cells, which leads to release of inflammatory
mediators from sensitized mast cells
iii. PATHO: Occurs when an allergen (dust, pollen, animal dander)
interacts with IgE antibodies (bound to mast cells, basophils,
eosinophils) triggers release of histamine from mast cells
histamine signals the changes associated with allergies (inflammatory
processes) allergic reaction happens almost instantly (symptoms
within minutes)
iv. Examples:
1. allergic rhinitis (seasonal allergies) some individuals will
develop an atopic rash called “urticaria” (hives) or atopic
Downloaded by cynthia mpezeni
()
, NUR 2063pathophysiology-final-exam-review.
dermatitis (eczema)
2. allergic asthma by environmental triggers; this type is also
mechanism behind more serious conditions like peanut or bee-
sting allergies that can lead to swelling of throat/lips/tongue,
SOB, stridor, and anaphylactic shock
3. drug reactions
4. food reactions
5. allergy to animals
6. ANAPHYLACTIC SHOCK = life threatening condition in which
there is systemic HISTAMINE release – mechanisms; causes a
massive global VASODILATION, hypotension, an increase in
vascular permeability and significant fluid movement into the
tissue; TX epinephrine (raises BP via vasoconstriction)
b. TYPE 2 – antibody-mediated disorders (cytotoxic hypersensitivity) ~
“AntiBody”
i. IgM and IgE antibodies against cell surface
ii. “tissue-specific” antigen
iii. Usually immediate responses
iv. PATHO: process by which IgG or IgM antibodies bind to a cell to
cause cell injury or death (antibody-mediated cytotoxicity). The
antibodies produced by the immune response bind to antigens on the
patients own cell surfaces (instead of pathogens).
v. Examples:
1. hemolytic disease of newborns (when Rh- mother has a
second Rh+ child and the maternal IgG targets fetal
RBCs)
2. grave’s disease – specific to thyroid tissue
c. TYPE 3 – complement-mediated immune disorders ~ “Immune Complex”
i. PATHO: tissue damage created by immune complexes
(aggregations of antigen + antibodies). These antibody-antigen
complexes circulate, get stuck in vessels, and stimulate inflammation,
end result being inflammation-mediated tissue damage and necrotizing
vasculitis.
ii. Examples: Systemic LUPUS erythematosus
d. TYPE 4 – T cell-mediated disorders ~ “Delayed”
Downloaded by cynthia mpezeni
()
