P1 Explain how psychological perspectives are applied to the understanding of human development
P2 Explain how psychological perspectives contribute to the understanding of specific human behaviours.
M1 Analyse the contribution of psychological perspectives to the understanding of human development and
behaviours.
Behaviour perspectives:
P1
Behaviour perspectives are applied to the understanding of human development through the role of classical
conditioning. As shown by Oxford languages (Nd), classical conditioning is a learning process that occurs when two
stimuli are repeatedly paired: a response which is at first elicited by the second stimulus is eventually elicited by the
first stimulus alone. This theory was developed by Ivan Pavlov in which he believed that behaviour could be shaped
and changed through classical conditioning. He founded his theory when he noticed that dogs drool at their food and
the food bowl while researching digestion in dogs. He found that he could condition the dogs to associate the food
with lights and sounds. When the incentive was paired with the food, the more that the conditioning was reinforced.
Before classical conditioning the dog will have no response to the bell ringing, the bell is the neutral stimulus. Before
conditioning the dog will salivate, this is an unconditioned response, at the food, which is a neutral stimulus. While
conditioning the dog will salivate when you put the food bowl and the bell together and repeat this process a few
times. When it’s been repeated the dog will be conditioned to respond to the bell which is now a conditioned
stimulus and will respond to the bell by salivating (a conditioned response). The role of reinforcement is certain
behaviours that lead to an outcome that is desirable or satisfying to the individual for which reason that may be.
There are two types of reinforcement positive and negative. Positive reinforcement is when the behaviour is
repeated because of personal satisfaction, this is intrinsic reinforcement, or rewards, which is extrinsic
reinforcement. Negative reinforcement occurs when the behaviour is not repeated to avoid experiencing an adverse
experience, such as to avoid being told off or a lack of personal satisfaction. This can be used to change and shape
behaviour because we can positively reinforce good behaviour and negatively reinforce bad behaviour, this will
improve the behaviour of that individual.
Oxford languages. (Nd). Oxford languages and google - English.Available: https://languages.oup.com/google-
dictionary-en/. Last accessed 1st feb 2021.
P2
The behaviour perspective has positively and effectively driven psychological practice by changing and shaping an
individual’s behaviour. For example, behaviour reinforcement can be seen through Rupert as when he was aloud out
of the hospital for 2 hours, he returned extremely late and also drunk. The consequences of this are that the Doctor
had to re-section Rupert, this will negatively reinforce his behaviour as Rupert wants to go home and re-sectioning
him will prevent that and hopefully prevent him from repeating that action. However, if he starts meeting all of his
targets, he should be rewarded, this will enforce positive behaviour and encourage him to repeat the good actions. It
can also be seen through Katrina, as she physically assaulted her mother after a disagreement and got re-admitted to
hospital. She later recognised that her behaviour was wrong and wrote her mother an apology letter. If we use Ivan
Pavlov’s classical conditioning to explain her behaviour it may be possible that because each time, she physically
assaults someone or acts extremely wrong she gets admitted to hospital. By pairing her bad behaviour to getting
admitted to the ward we are conditioning her to eventually recognise that she has done something wrong and her
behaviour was unacceptable. Burrhus Frederic Skinner’s operant conditioning theory can help us understand specific
human behaviour. He worked mostly with rats and pigeons, he investigated some of the key principles of learning
new behaviours. He did this by using a device called the Skinner box. This meant that when the animal in the box
pressed the lever a food pallet was released into the box this will positively reinforce the animal’s behaviour. After a
while the animal will realise that pressing the lever releases a lever and will repeat the action over and over.
Social learning theory:
P1
The social learning theory is applied to the understanding of human development by outlining that learning a
process and social behaviour which then proposes that new behaviours can be adopted by copying and observing
others. This can be backed up by Science Direct (Nd) where it states that the social learning theory proposes that
individuals learn through observing the behaviours of others (models). Learning can also occur through the
observation of rewards and punishments (vicarious reinforcement). Albert Bandura believed that behaviour is
learned through the environment through the process of observational learning. He also believed that we learn from
watching as well as doing. He conducted the Bobo Doll experiment, which was a ground-breaking study surrounding
aggression, it demonstrated that children are able to learn through the observation of adult behaviour. The
,experiment was executed by researchers who physically abused and verbally abused the inflatable doll in front of
children. This result in the children copying the behaviour of the adults and attacking the doll in a similar way. The
self-fulfilling prophecy is a belief or expectation that an individual has regarding a future event that will eventually
manifest itself because of the belief or expectation that the individual holds surrounding that event. Culture refers to
the shared values, languages and practices of a group of individuals. Culture can be specific countries or different
subgroups within our society. An example of this could be that individuals within different economic groups in the
UK may have similar aspects of culture, such as, in which way money is appropriately spent. Culture can influence
our behaviour as different cultures have different ways that is considered the best way to act, such as, some cultures
may have different rules or views on health care. An example of this is that Jehovah's Witnesses are not allowed
blood transfusions. Society can also influence our behaviours as there can be rules and “social norms” of our society,
for example, complying with the laws, this can shape our behaviour as there is a correct way to act or behave.
Groups such as friendship groups can also influence our behaviour in both positive and negative manners. An
example of this could be peer pressure, this can be bad as they may pressure you into smoking or drinking alcohol.
However, they can also encourage you to do well, such as achieving good grades. Effects of others can also influence
our behaviours such as, parents, siblings or even TV. We can learn new behaviours by anyone, however, if the person
doing the behaviours is a role model to someone, then it is increasingly more likely that behaviour will be repeated.
For example, if we see someone that we look up to wearing certain clothing, we are more likely to wear similar
clothing. The Role theory is developed by Albert Bandura who stated that our behaviour can be greatly influenced by
role models such as, celebrities or our parents. When we admire an individual, we are more likely to adopt their
behaviour or attempt to live up to certain expectations in order to be more like them. Such as, a nurse will have to
be compassionate, considerate and level-headed. Our behaviours may change in accordance with the role we are in,
as we all play different roles in society.
Science Direct. (Nd). Social Learning theory. Available: https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-
dentistry/social-learning-theory. Last accessed 9th feb 2021.
P2
The social learning theory has positively and effectively driven psychological practice by changing and shaping an
individual’s behaviour. For example, we can identify that Rupert may have acted aggressive and violent towards his
neighbour because he grew up in a foster home. This type of environment may have been negative, he may have
witnessed arguments in the foster home turning into violence and he is now repeating that in his adult life. That
could mean that his behaviour has been changed and shaped through observational learning. This helps prove that
Bandura’s observational learning can be used to understand an individual’s behaviour. This can also be seen through
Dominic as he was abandoned by his parents at a young age, this may mean that he didn’t grow up in a safe and
happy environment or that the people who he grew up surrounded by or even his role models also suffered with
depression or suicidal thoughts. The social learning theory can also encourage anti-discriminatory practice through
observational learning. For example, if we grow up in an environment that promotes anti-discriminatory practice,
then we are more likely to not discriminate and mimic the actions we witnessed growing up. However, if we did
grow up in an environment that actively discriminated against others then we are more likely to copy those
behaviours later on in life. Using role models during therapy such as counselling or group therapy can help change
and shape behaviours. For example, you can influence people to have role models that share their difference, this
could be someone that they know or even a celebrity. This will encourage the individual to realise the good aspects
of others who also share their difference. Such as, if you have depression and anxiety and you find a role model that
also has depression and anxiety, it will help you realise that even though they have that difference they also have
qualities that you find admirable. For example, if a celebrity shares your difference it will help them realise that they
can still greatly succeed in life despite that difference.
Psychodynamic perspective:
P1
The psychodynamic perspective is applied to the understanding of human development through early childhood
experiences and Sigmund Freuds theory of the conscious and unconscious mind. Sigmund Freud was the founding
father of psychoanalysis, which is a method for treating mental illness and a theory which helps to explain human
behaviour. He emphasized the importance of the unconscious mind, an assumption if the Freudian theory is that the
unconscious mind governs behaviour to a bigger degree than people expect. The conscious mind holds all of the
thoughts, memories, wishes and feelings of which we can be aware of at any given moment. Such as, a memory that
an adult can remember from their childhood might be a milestone such as, finishing high school or a birthday. The
unconscious mind contains feelings, thoughts, memories and urges that are not in our conscious awareness. For
example, your unconscious mind will make you remember things that were like dreams that you may have forgotten
, about every so often, so they will stay with you and that you will remember them. As shown by Very Well Mind (nd),
The unconscious can include repressed feelings, hidden memories, habits, thoughts, desires, and reactions.
Therefore, this is important when explaining human behaviour as it will help explain an individual’s behaviour habits.
Early childhood experiences are very important when explaining human behaviours through the psychodynamic
perspectives. The bonda that children form with their parents and also their first learning experiences will deeply
affect their physical, emotional, intellectual and social development. By making the best of the early childhood years
is the best investment that we, as a society, can make. This is because it will ensure your child’s success in the future.
The individuals that experienced negative developmental experiences un early childhood may lack certain social
skills and sometimes the desire for closeness in adulthood. As a result of this later in life they may prefer to isolate
themselves, which will result in them not having any communication skills. This can shape our behaviour as if we
have negative developmental experiences it may result in the individual isolating themselves or not be able to
socialise effectively. This can lead to the individual having mental health problems such as, anxiety and depression.
Very Well Mind. (Nd). Freud's conscious and unconscious mind Available:
https://www.verywellmind.com/the-conscious-and-unconscious-mind-2795946. Last accessed 9th feb 2021.
P2
The psychodynamic perspective has positively and effectively driven psychological practice by changing and shaping
an individual’s behaviour. It can help us understand the reasoning behind an individual’s behaviour, such as, through
Katrina. The reasoning behind Katrina’s aggressive actions can be a result of her unconscious mind. Her aggressive
outburst towards her mother could be explained by hidden or repressed actions, habits or feelings, remembering
these could have triggered her outburst and resulted in her ending back on the ward. The psychodynamic
perspective can also help us understand Rupert’s behaviour as he grew up in a foster home. This may mean that he
didn’t optimise his early years and had negative developmental experiences, this can lead to a lack of
communication skills due to wanting to be isolated in adult life. Therefore, a lack of communication skills could have
played a factor in his argument with his neighbour. As shown by Good Therapy (Nd) Sigmund Freud claimed that free
association aimed to give the individuals that are in therapy, complete freedom to examine their thoughts. He
proposed that the technique helped prevent transference, projection and resistance. It also states that in traditional
free association, a person in therapy is encouraged to verbalize or write all the thoughts that come to mind. Free
association is not a linear thought pattern. Rather, an individual may produce a stream of words that is incoherent,
for example, dog, blue or run. They might also jump randomly from one memory or emotion to another from time to
time. Individuals in therapy may even then reveal repressed emotions and memories.
Good Therapy. (Nd). Therapy. Available:
https://www.goodtherapy.org/blog/psychpedia/free-association-in-therapy. Last
accessed 9th feb 2021.
Humanistic perspective:
P1
The humanistic perspective is applied to the understanding of human development through Maslow and Carl Rogers
theory. Humanism claims that we have self-awareness, free will, independence and can decide moral issues for
themselves. Malow and Rogers formed a new school of psychology in order to promote self-healing, creativity and
individuality. We make our decisions on a set of needs, until the lower needs are met, we don’t pay any attention to
the higher needs. their theory also focused on why humans are motivated to do the things that we do, what can
happen if any part of the stages is not met and mental ill health is a result of failure at one level. Rogers believed that
everyone is able to reach self-actualisation, he also felt that self-concept is based on what other individuals have told
us about ourselves. Individuals can be helped to self-actualise of they are able to experience empathy, resemblance
and positivity, these can also be known as core conditions or person-centred counselling. In summary, Maslow
believed that in order to reach self-actualisation we need to have achieved all of the other stages of the hierarchy of
need beforehand. Carl Rogers believed that if we set unrealistic targets it will result in us having anxiety and
depression. There are 5 stages to the hierarchy of needs these are physiological, safety, love/belonging, esteem and
self-actualisation. Physiological is your basic needs such as breathing, food, water and sleep. Safety is security of
body, employment resources etc. love/belonging is all about secure relationships with family, friends and sexual
intimacy. Esteem is self-esteem, confidence, achievement etc. and self-actualisation is the last stage which is all
about problem-solving, morality, creativity and a lack of prejudice. This can help explain our behaviour as Maslow
believed that in order to reach self-actualisation, we would need to fulfil the other stages first, the people who reach
self-actualisation may be successful in life and happy and content. Whereas people who are just having their
physiological needs met may lack secure relationships, have mental ill health and be unsuccessful in life. Self-
actualisation can influence our behaviour in a positive and negative way, it can positively influence our behaviour by
P2 Explain how psychological perspectives contribute to the understanding of specific human behaviours.
M1 Analyse the contribution of psychological perspectives to the understanding of human development and
behaviours.
Behaviour perspectives:
P1
Behaviour perspectives are applied to the understanding of human development through the role of classical
conditioning. As shown by Oxford languages (Nd), classical conditioning is a learning process that occurs when two
stimuli are repeatedly paired: a response which is at first elicited by the second stimulus is eventually elicited by the
first stimulus alone. This theory was developed by Ivan Pavlov in which he believed that behaviour could be shaped
and changed through classical conditioning. He founded his theory when he noticed that dogs drool at their food and
the food bowl while researching digestion in dogs. He found that he could condition the dogs to associate the food
with lights and sounds. When the incentive was paired with the food, the more that the conditioning was reinforced.
Before classical conditioning the dog will have no response to the bell ringing, the bell is the neutral stimulus. Before
conditioning the dog will salivate, this is an unconditioned response, at the food, which is a neutral stimulus. While
conditioning the dog will salivate when you put the food bowl and the bell together and repeat this process a few
times. When it’s been repeated the dog will be conditioned to respond to the bell which is now a conditioned
stimulus and will respond to the bell by salivating (a conditioned response). The role of reinforcement is certain
behaviours that lead to an outcome that is desirable or satisfying to the individual for which reason that may be.
There are two types of reinforcement positive and negative. Positive reinforcement is when the behaviour is
repeated because of personal satisfaction, this is intrinsic reinforcement, or rewards, which is extrinsic
reinforcement. Negative reinforcement occurs when the behaviour is not repeated to avoid experiencing an adverse
experience, such as to avoid being told off or a lack of personal satisfaction. This can be used to change and shape
behaviour because we can positively reinforce good behaviour and negatively reinforce bad behaviour, this will
improve the behaviour of that individual.
Oxford languages. (Nd). Oxford languages and google - English.Available: https://languages.oup.com/google-
dictionary-en/. Last accessed 1st feb 2021.
P2
The behaviour perspective has positively and effectively driven psychological practice by changing and shaping an
individual’s behaviour. For example, behaviour reinforcement can be seen through Rupert as when he was aloud out
of the hospital for 2 hours, he returned extremely late and also drunk. The consequences of this are that the Doctor
had to re-section Rupert, this will negatively reinforce his behaviour as Rupert wants to go home and re-sectioning
him will prevent that and hopefully prevent him from repeating that action. However, if he starts meeting all of his
targets, he should be rewarded, this will enforce positive behaviour and encourage him to repeat the good actions. It
can also be seen through Katrina, as she physically assaulted her mother after a disagreement and got re-admitted to
hospital. She later recognised that her behaviour was wrong and wrote her mother an apology letter. If we use Ivan
Pavlov’s classical conditioning to explain her behaviour it may be possible that because each time, she physically
assaults someone or acts extremely wrong she gets admitted to hospital. By pairing her bad behaviour to getting
admitted to the ward we are conditioning her to eventually recognise that she has done something wrong and her
behaviour was unacceptable. Burrhus Frederic Skinner’s operant conditioning theory can help us understand specific
human behaviour. He worked mostly with rats and pigeons, he investigated some of the key principles of learning
new behaviours. He did this by using a device called the Skinner box. This meant that when the animal in the box
pressed the lever a food pallet was released into the box this will positively reinforce the animal’s behaviour. After a
while the animal will realise that pressing the lever releases a lever and will repeat the action over and over.
Social learning theory:
P1
The social learning theory is applied to the understanding of human development by outlining that learning a
process and social behaviour which then proposes that new behaviours can be adopted by copying and observing
others. This can be backed up by Science Direct (Nd) where it states that the social learning theory proposes that
individuals learn through observing the behaviours of others (models). Learning can also occur through the
observation of rewards and punishments (vicarious reinforcement). Albert Bandura believed that behaviour is
learned through the environment through the process of observational learning. He also believed that we learn from
watching as well as doing. He conducted the Bobo Doll experiment, which was a ground-breaking study surrounding
aggression, it demonstrated that children are able to learn through the observation of adult behaviour. The
,experiment was executed by researchers who physically abused and verbally abused the inflatable doll in front of
children. This result in the children copying the behaviour of the adults and attacking the doll in a similar way. The
self-fulfilling prophecy is a belief or expectation that an individual has regarding a future event that will eventually
manifest itself because of the belief or expectation that the individual holds surrounding that event. Culture refers to
the shared values, languages and practices of a group of individuals. Culture can be specific countries or different
subgroups within our society. An example of this could be that individuals within different economic groups in the
UK may have similar aspects of culture, such as, in which way money is appropriately spent. Culture can influence
our behaviour as different cultures have different ways that is considered the best way to act, such as, some cultures
may have different rules or views on health care. An example of this is that Jehovah's Witnesses are not allowed
blood transfusions. Society can also influence our behaviours as there can be rules and “social norms” of our society,
for example, complying with the laws, this can shape our behaviour as there is a correct way to act or behave.
Groups such as friendship groups can also influence our behaviour in both positive and negative manners. An
example of this could be peer pressure, this can be bad as they may pressure you into smoking or drinking alcohol.
However, they can also encourage you to do well, such as achieving good grades. Effects of others can also influence
our behaviours such as, parents, siblings or even TV. We can learn new behaviours by anyone, however, if the person
doing the behaviours is a role model to someone, then it is increasingly more likely that behaviour will be repeated.
For example, if we see someone that we look up to wearing certain clothing, we are more likely to wear similar
clothing. The Role theory is developed by Albert Bandura who stated that our behaviour can be greatly influenced by
role models such as, celebrities or our parents. When we admire an individual, we are more likely to adopt their
behaviour or attempt to live up to certain expectations in order to be more like them. Such as, a nurse will have to
be compassionate, considerate and level-headed. Our behaviours may change in accordance with the role we are in,
as we all play different roles in society.
Science Direct. (Nd). Social Learning theory. Available: https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-
dentistry/social-learning-theory. Last accessed 9th feb 2021.
P2
The social learning theory has positively and effectively driven psychological practice by changing and shaping an
individual’s behaviour. For example, we can identify that Rupert may have acted aggressive and violent towards his
neighbour because he grew up in a foster home. This type of environment may have been negative, he may have
witnessed arguments in the foster home turning into violence and he is now repeating that in his adult life. That
could mean that his behaviour has been changed and shaped through observational learning. This helps prove that
Bandura’s observational learning can be used to understand an individual’s behaviour. This can also be seen through
Dominic as he was abandoned by his parents at a young age, this may mean that he didn’t grow up in a safe and
happy environment or that the people who he grew up surrounded by or even his role models also suffered with
depression or suicidal thoughts. The social learning theory can also encourage anti-discriminatory practice through
observational learning. For example, if we grow up in an environment that promotes anti-discriminatory practice,
then we are more likely to not discriminate and mimic the actions we witnessed growing up. However, if we did
grow up in an environment that actively discriminated against others then we are more likely to copy those
behaviours later on in life. Using role models during therapy such as counselling or group therapy can help change
and shape behaviours. For example, you can influence people to have role models that share their difference, this
could be someone that they know or even a celebrity. This will encourage the individual to realise the good aspects
of others who also share their difference. Such as, if you have depression and anxiety and you find a role model that
also has depression and anxiety, it will help you realise that even though they have that difference they also have
qualities that you find admirable. For example, if a celebrity shares your difference it will help them realise that they
can still greatly succeed in life despite that difference.
Psychodynamic perspective:
P1
The psychodynamic perspective is applied to the understanding of human development through early childhood
experiences and Sigmund Freuds theory of the conscious and unconscious mind. Sigmund Freud was the founding
father of psychoanalysis, which is a method for treating mental illness and a theory which helps to explain human
behaviour. He emphasized the importance of the unconscious mind, an assumption if the Freudian theory is that the
unconscious mind governs behaviour to a bigger degree than people expect. The conscious mind holds all of the
thoughts, memories, wishes and feelings of which we can be aware of at any given moment. Such as, a memory that
an adult can remember from their childhood might be a milestone such as, finishing high school or a birthday. The
unconscious mind contains feelings, thoughts, memories and urges that are not in our conscious awareness. For
example, your unconscious mind will make you remember things that were like dreams that you may have forgotten
, about every so often, so they will stay with you and that you will remember them. As shown by Very Well Mind (nd),
The unconscious can include repressed feelings, hidden memories, habits, thoughts, desires, and reactions.
Therefore, this is important when explaining human behaviour as it will help explain an individual’s behaviour habits.
Early childhood experiences are very important when explaining human behaviours through the psychodynamic
perspectives. The bonda that children form with their parents and also their first learning experiences will deeply
affect their physical, emotional, intellectual and social development. By making the best of the early childhood years
is the best investment that we, as a society, can make. This is because it will ensure your child’s success in the future.
The individuals that experienced negative developmental experiences un early childhood may lack certain social
skills and sometimes the desire for closeness in adulthood. As a result of this later in life they may prefer to isolate
themselves, which will result in them not having any communication skills. This can shape our behaviour as if we
have negative developmental experiences it may result in the individual isolating themselves or not be able to
socialise effectively. This can lead to the individual having mental health problems such as, anxiety and depression.
Very Well Mind. (Nd). Freud's conscious and unconscious mind Available:
https://www.verywellmind.com/the-conscious-and-unconscious-mind-2795946. Last accessed 9th feb 2021.
P2
The psychodynamic perspective has positively and effectively driven psychological practice by changing and shaping
an individual’s behaviour. It can help us understand the reasoning behind an individual’s behaviour, such as, through
Katrina. The reasoning behind Katrina’s aggressive actions can be a result of her unconscious mind. Her aggressive
outburst towards her mother could be explained by hidden or repressed actions, habits or feelings, remembering
these could have triggered her outburst and resulted in her ending back on the ward. The psychodynamic
perspective can also help us understand Rupert’s behaviour as he grew up in a foster home. This may mean that he
didn’t optimise his early years and had negative developmental experiences, this can lead to a lack of
communication skills due to wanting to be isolated in adult life. Therefore, a lack of communication skills could have
played a factor in his argument with his neighbour. As shown by Good Therapy (Nd) Sigmund Freud claimed that free
association aimed to give the individuals that are in therapy, complete freedom to examine their thoughts. He
proposed that the technique helped prevent transference, projection and resistance. It also states that in traditional
free association, a person in therapy is encouraged to verbalize or write all the thoughts that come to mind. Free
association is not a linear thought pattern. Rather, an individual may produce a stream of words that is incoherent,
for example, dog, blue or run. They might also jump randomly from one memory or emotion to another from time to
time. Individuals in therapy may even then reveal repressed emotions and memories.
Good Therapy. (Nd). Therapy. Available:
https://www.goodtherapy.org/blog/psychpedia/free-association-in-therapy. Last
accessed 9th feb 2021.
Humanistic perspective:
P1
The humanistic perspective is applied to the understanding of human development through Maslow and Carl Rogers
theory. Humanism claims that we have self-awareness, free will, independence and can decide moral issues for
themselves. Malow and Rogers formed a new school of psychology in order to promote self-healing, creativity and
individuality. We make our decisions on a set of needs, until the lower needs are met, we don’t pay any attention to
the higher needs. their theory also focused on why humans are motivated to do the things that we do, what can
happen if any part of the stages is not met and mental ill health is a result of failure at one level. Rogers believed that
everyone is able to reach self-actualisation, he also felt that self-concept is based on what other individuals have told
us about ourselves. Individuals can be helped to self-actualise of they are able to experience empathy, resemblance
and positivity, these can also be known as core conditions or person-centred counselling. In summary, Maslow
believed that in order to reach self-actualisation we need to have achieved all of the other stages of the hierarchy of
need beforehand. Carl Rogers believed that if we set unrealistic targets it will result in us having anxiety and
depression. There are 5 stages to the hierarchy of needs these are physiological, safety, love/belonging, esteem and
self-actualisation. Physiological is your basic needs such as breathing, food, water and sleep. Safety is security of
body, employment resources etc. love/belonging is all about secure relationships with family, friends and sexual
intimacy. Esteem is self-esteem, confidence, achievement etc. and self-actualisation is the last stage which is all
about problem-solving, morality, creativity and a lack of prejudice. This can help explain our behaviour as Maslow
believed that in order to reach self-actualisation, we would need to fulfil the other stages first, the people who reach
self-actualisation may be successful in life and happy and content. Whereas people who are just having their
physiological needs met may lack secure relationships, have mental ill health and be unsuccessful in life. Self-
actualisation can influence our behaviour in a positive and negative way, it can positively influence our behaviour by
