1
lOMoAR cPSD| 11763056
Pharm week 1 notes - week 1
Advanced Pharmacology (Chamberlain University)
Page 1 of 43
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Page 2 of 43
, lOMoAR cPSD| 11763056
Pharmacokinetics
(what the body does to the drug as it moves through the system)
• Four major pharmacokinetic processes:
o Drug absorption
o Drug distribution
o Drug metabolism
o Drug excretion
• Vocabulary terms:
o Excretion
o Extended release
o First-pass effect
o Formulation
o Generic
o Ghost capsules of pills
o Half-life T1/2
o Induction
o Inhaled formulations
o Inhibition
o Lipophilic
o Loading dose
o Metabolite
o Minimum effective concentration (MEC)
o P450 enzyme system
o Parenteral
• Vocabulary terms – occur as drug moves through body:
o Peak level of drug
o Per os (PO)
o Pharmacokinetics
o Pharmacogenetics
o P glycoprotein
o Placental drug transfer
o Plateau
o Prodrug
o Protein binding
o Reconstitution
o Renal dosing
o Scored
o Suppository
o Sustained-release
o Synergistic
o Therapeutic range
o Topically
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, lOMoAR cPSD| 11763056
o Transdermal
o Trough level of drug
• Passage of drugs across membranes
o Drugs must pass through membranes in order to reach their targets
o Three ways to cross a cell membrane
▪ Cannels and pores (small ions)
▪ Transport systems (P-glycoprotein)
• P-glycoprotein is a protein that transports drugs across cell
membranes
• Some drugs inhibit or activate CYP450 and P-glycoprotein
▪ Direct penetration (must be lipid soluble or lipophilic) (MOST COMMON!)
• Factors that affect drug absorption
o Rate of dissolution
o Bioavailability of the drug (IMPORTANT)
▪ Example: Alendronate which is a bisphosphonate for osteoporosis
▪ Known to have a low bioavailability which is why patients must take with a
full glass of water and wait 30min-1hr before they take anything else. The
availability of the drug to be absorbed is extremely limited.
o Surface area
o Blood flow
o Lipid solubility
o pH partitioning
• Routes of Administration
o Oral per os PO
• Tablets, capsules, liquids, enteric coasted, sustained release
• Absorption is variable with PO
• Acid in stomach enzymes and the liver and inactivate PO drugs
o When patients take acid reducers, it can impact the absorption
of the drugs
▪ Scored tablets
• Ease in splitting the dose, half of the dose is contained on each side of
the tablet
• Half of the dose is not assured if the tablet cut in half is not scored
▪ Slow release (SR)
• Some ER, SR, CR can be cut in half
• Others have a rapid release and extended release portion and should
not be chewed
• Example: Hydrocodone controlled release (OxyContin)
• Chewing the tablets can lead to overdose
▪ Ghost Capsule
• Slow release that occurs through little micro pores in the capsule
• Capsule comes out unchanged in the stool
Downloaded by GEOFREY GEOFFREY ()
lOMoAR cPSD| 11763056
Pharm week 1 notes - week 1
Advanced Pharmacology (Chamberlain University)
Page 1 of 43
,2
StuDocu is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university
Page 2 of 43
, lOMoAR cPSD| 11763056
Pharmacokinetics
(what the body does to the drug as it moves through the system)
• Four major pharmacokinetic processes:
o Drug absorption
o Drug distribution
o Drug metabolism
o Drug excretion
• Vocabulary terms:
o Excretion
o Extended release
o First-pass effect
o Formulation
o Generic
o Ghost capsules of pills
o Half-life T1/2
o Induction
o Inhaled formulations
o Inhibition
o Lipophilic
o Loading dose
o Metabolite
o Minimum effective concentration (MEC)
o P450 enzyme system
o Parenteral
• Vocabulary terms – occur as drug moves through body:
o Peak level of drug
o Per os (PO)
o Pharmacokinetics
o Pharmacogenetics
o P glycoprotein
o Placental drug transfer
o Plateau
o Prodrug
o Protein binding
o Reconstitution
o Renal dosing
o Scored
o Suppository
o Sustained-release
o Synergistic
o Therapeutic range
o Topically
Downloaded by GEOFREY GEOFFREY ()
, lOMoAR cPSD| 11763056
o Transdermal
o Trough level of drug
• Passage of drugs across membranes
o Drugs must pass through membranes in order to reach their targets
o Three ways to cross a cell membrane
▪ Cannels and pores (small ions)
▪ Transport systems (P-glycoprotein)
• P-glycoprotein is a protein that transports drugs across cell
membranes
• Some drugs inhibit or activate CYP450 and P-glycoprotein
▪ Direct penetration (must be lipid soluble or lipophilic) (MOST COMMON!)
• Factors that affect drug absorption
o Rate of dissolution
o Bioavailability of the drug (IMPORTANT)
▪ Example: Alendronate which is a bisphosphonate for osteoporosis
▪ Known to have a low bioavailability which is why patients must take with a
full glass of water and wait 30min-1hr before they take anything else. The
availability of the drug to be absorbed is extremely limited.
o Surface area
o Blood flow
o Lipid solubility
o pH partitioning
• Routes of Administration
o Oral per os PO
• Tablets, capsules, liquids, enteric coasted, sustained release
• Absorption is variable with PO
• Acid in stomach enzymes and the liver and inactivate PO drugs
o When patients take acid reducers, it can impact the absorption
of the drugs
▪ Scored tablets
• Ease in splitting the dose, half of the dose is contained on each side of
the tablet
• Half of the dose is not assured if the tablet cut in half is not scored
▪ Slow release (SR)
• Some ER, SR, CR can be cut in half
• Others have a rapid release and extended release portion and should
not be chewed
• Example: Hydrocodone controlled release (OxyContin)
• Chewing the tablets can lead to overdose
▪ Ghost Capsule
• Slow release that occurs through little micro pores in the capsule
• Capsule comes out unchanged in the stool
Downloaded by GEOFREY GEOFFREY ()
