Organic Chemistry
Handbook
Index
Functional groups,
Mechanisms,
Multi-step Synthesis,
1
, This handbook will include information about how and why functional groups react the way they do, it
will also include mechanisms for both carbonyl and non-carbonyl compounds, a multi-step synthesis
of carbonyl and non-carbonyl organic molecules in order to produce many organic substances and
finally this handbook will include an analysis of the type of reaction mechanisms.
Functional Groups.
Atoms within molecules that have distinct properties independent to the other atoms in the molecule
are known as functional groups. Some well-known functional groups include Alcohols, ketones, and
esters. Hydroxyl, Methyl, Carbonyl, Amino, Phosphate, and Sulfhydryl are also examples of functional
groups. Functional groups are connected to the molecule through covalent bonds, and they have a
substantial role in controlling organic reactions.
Carbonyl and Non-Carbonyl compounds.
A carbonyl group is a functional group containing a carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom,
compounds containing a carbonyl group are known as a carbonyl compounds. Carbonyl compounds
contains the carbonyl group C=O including carboxylic acids, esters, amides and anhydrides. When
aldehydes and ketones undergo an addition reaction this is an example of a reaction of a carbonyl
group, which can occur through two different mechanisms under acidic or neutral conditions. Another
mechanism would be acidic catalysed addition and this can only be done under acidic conditions.
Halogenoalkanes.
Halogenoalkanes also known as haloalkanes or alkyl halides are compounds where one or more
hydrogen atoms are replaced with halogen atoms. Bromine, Fluorine, Chlorine, and iodine are all
examples of these. The general formulae for halogens id CnH2n+1X the X representing halogen. To
name a halogenoalkane you must look at how many halogens are used and where they are placed.
Things Used to determine the name of the haloalkane are as follows. The length of the longest carbon
chain, how many halogens there are, what halogens are being used, and which carbons the halogens
are attached to. Primary, secondary, and tertiary halogenoalkanes are the three types of
halogenoalkanes. The position of the halogen group within the carbon chain is used to decide which
group each haloalkane belongs to. The carbon attached to the halogen group must only be attached
to one other alkyl group to be classified as a primary halogenoalkane. A primary halogenoalkane is
one in which the carbon is only bound to the halogen and one other alkyl group, regardless of how
complicated the chain is. If the halogen is placed at the end of the longest carbon chain, it is
considered a primary halogenoalkane.
Models of the structural formula are shown below the functional group is shown in purple.
2-Bromopentane
2
Handbook
Index
Functional groups,
Mechanisms,
Multi-step Synthesis,
1
, This handbook will include information about how and why functional groups react the way they do, it
will also include mechanisms for both carbonyl and non-carbonyl compounds, a multi-step synthesis
of carbonyl and non-carbonyl organic molecules in order to produce many organic substances and
finally this handbook will include an analysis of the type of reaction mechanisms.
Functional Groups.
Atoms within molecules that have distinct properties independent to the other atoms in the molecule
are known as functional groups. Some well-known functional groups include Alcohols, ketones, and
esters. Hydroxyl, Methyl, Carbonyl, Amino, Phosphate, and Sulfhydryl are also examples of functional
groups. Functional groups are connected to the molecule through covalent bonds, and they have a
substantial role in controlling organic reactions.
Carbonyl and Non-Carbonyl compounds.
A carbonyl group is a functional group containing a carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom,
compounds containing a carbonyl group are known as a carbonyl compounds. Carbonyl compounds
contains the carbonyl group C=O including carboxylic acids, esters, amides and anhydrides. When
aldehydes and ketones undergo an addition reaction this is an example of a reaction of a carbonyl
group, which can occur through two different mechanisms under acidic or neutral conditions. Another
mechanism would be acidic catalysed addition and this can only be done under acidic conditions.
Halogenoalkanes.
Halogenoalkanes also known as haloalkanes or alkyl halides are compounds where one or more
hydrogen atoms are replaced with halogen atoms. Bromine, Fluorine, Chlorine, and iodine are all
examples of these. The general formulae for halogens id CnH2n+1X the X representing halogen. To
name a halogenoalkane you must look at how many halogens are used and where they are placed.
Things Used to determine the name of the haloalkane are as follows. The length of the longest carbon
chain, how many halogens there are, what halogens are being used, and which carbons the halogens
are attached to. Primary, secondary, and tertiary halogenoalkanes are the three types of
halogenoalkanes. The position of the halogen group within the carbon chain is used to decide which
group each haloalkane belongs to. The carbon attached to the halogen group must only be attached
to one other alkyl group to be classified as a primary halogenoalkane. A primary halogenoalkane is
one in which the carbon is only bound to the halogen and one other alkyl group, regardless of how
complicated the chain is. If the halogen is placed at the end of the longest carbon chain, it is
considered a primary halogenoalkane.
Models of the structural formula are shown below the functional group is shown in purple.
2-Bromopentane
2
