TEST BANK ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY 4TH EDITION HILLS WYSE ANDERSON

TEST BANK ANIMAL PHYSIOLOGY 4TH EDITION HILLS WYSE ANDERSON Animal Physiology, Fourth Edition Hill • Wyse • Anderson Chapter 1: Animals and Environments: Function on the Ecological Stage TEST BANK QUESTIONS Multiple Choice 1. Which statement about the discipline of physiology is false? a. It is a key discipline for understanding how animals change over Earth’s history. b. It is a key discipline for understanding the fundamental biology of all animals. c. It is a key discipline for understanding human health and disease. d. It is a key discipline for understanding the health and disease of nonhuman animals. Answer: a Textbook Reference: The Importance of Physiology Bloom’s Category: 5. Evaluating 2. To understand how a fish propels itself by applying forces to the water, physiologists would study its a. biomechanics. b. evolution. c. ecology. d. cell physiology. Answer: a Textbook Reference: The Highly Integrative Nature of Physiology Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 3. The data in the graph below would be relevant to which subdiscipline of physiology? © 2016 Sinauer Associates, Inc. a. Evolution b. Cell physiology c. Morphology d. Ecology Answer: d Textbook Reference: The Highly Integrative Nature of Physiology Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 4. In the study of physiology, the term “_______” refers to the components of living animals and the interactions among those components that enable animals to perform as they do. a. feedback b. regulation c. natural selection d. mechanism Answer: d Textbook Reference: Mechanism and Origin: Physiology’s Two Central Questions Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering 5. How is the light reaction in the firefly inhibited? a. Mitochondria prevent oxygen from reacting with luciferyl-AMP. b. Nitric oxide combines with oxygen to prevent reaction with luciferyl-AMP. c. ATP is prevented from combining with luciferin. d. Luciferase is prevented from catalyzing the reaction. Answer: a Textbook Reference: Mechanism and Origin: Physiology’s Two Central Questions Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 6. Which of the following is not needed in the mechanism of light production in the firefly? a. Oxygen b. ATP c. Light d. Luciferin Answer: c Textbook Reference: Mechanism and Origin: Physiology’s Two Central Questions Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 7. In the firefly, light is emitted when a. ATP combines with luciferin, forming luciferyl-AMP. b. released nitric oxide blocks the mitochondria’s use of oxygen. c. the electron-excited product of O2 and luciferyl-AMP returns to its ground state. d. luciferase is activated by oxygen. Answer: c Textbook Reference: Mechanism and Origin: Physiology’s Two Central Questions © 2016 Sinauer Associates, Inc. Bloom’s Category: 5. Evaluating 8. Which of the following is considered the “on” switch for the light-emitting reaction of the firefly? a. Oxygen b. Luciferase c. Nitric oxide d. ATP Answer: c Textbook Reference: Mechanism and Origin: Physiology’s Two Central Questions Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying 9. A physiological mechanism or other trait that is a product of evolution and is advantageous is called a. an adaptation. b. natural selection. c. adaptive significance. d. evolution. Answer: a Textbook Reference: Mechanism and Origin: Physiology’s Two Central Questions Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering 10. What is the adaptive significance of light emission in the firefly? a. Female fireflies emit light in such a way that distinguishes their species. b. All fireflies emit light to lure prey. c. Male fireflies emit light to attract mates. d. Male fireflies emit light to evade predators. Answer: c Textbook Reference: Mechanism and Origin: Physiology’s Two Central Questions Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 11. Which of the following is a similarity between an octopus and a fish? a. The evolutionary adaptation of excellent vision b. The mechanism of vision c. The processing of visual signals before reaching the optic nerve d. The neuroanatomy of the eye Answer: a Textbook Reference: Mechanism and Origin: Physiology’s Two Central Questions Bloom’s Category: 5. Evaluating 12. Research in the field of _______ physiology emphasizes synthesis across levels of biological organization. a. evolutionary b. comparative c. environmental d. integrative © 2016 Sinauer Associates, Inc. Answer: d Textbook Reference: This Book’s Approach to Physiology Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 13. Which statement regarding animals is true? a. There is no distinction between an animal and its environment. b. Once adults, animals are structurally static. c. All animals require energy to maintain their organization. d. Body size is significant in the lives of only small animals. Answer: c Textbook Reference: Animals Bloom’s Category: 5. Evaluating 14. Most cells of an animal a. are exposed to the external environment. b. are exposed to the internal environment. c. fluctuate between exposure to the external environment and the internal environment. d. turn over while being exposed to the internal environment. Answer: b Textbook Reference: Animals Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 15.–17. Refer to the figures below. 15. Which figure refers to a physiological trait that is regulated by an organism? © 2016 Sinauer Associates, Inc. a. I b. II c. III d. IV Answer: b Textbook Reference: Animals Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying 16. A migrating salmon regulates its internal Cl– concentration, shown in figure _______, while conforming to water temperature, shown in figure _______. a. I; II b. II; I c. II; IV d. I; III Answer: b Textbook Reference: Animals Bloom’s Category: 4. Analyzing 17. Figure _______ shows an animal’s regulation of its body temperature as the external temperature increases. Figure _______ shows no regulation of its body temperature as external temperature increases. a. I; II b. II; I c. II; IV d. II; III Answer: b Textbook Reference: Animals Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying 18. Which statement regarding physiological conformity and regulation is true? a. All animals will eventually conform. b. Animals are either regulators or conformers. c. An animal cannot be both an ion regulator and a temperature conformer. d. Conforming is more metabolically expensive than regulating. Answer: a Textbook Reference: Animals Bloom’s Category: 5. Evaluating 19. The functioning of regulatory mechanisms that automatically make adjustments to maintain internal constancy is called a. conformity. b. feedback. c. homeostasis. d. regulation. Answer: c Textbook Reference: Animals © 2016 Sinauer Associates, Inc. Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering 20. During childbirth, muscular contractions acting to expel the fetus from the uterus induce hormonal signals that induce even more intense contractions. This is an example of a. homeostasis. b. negative feedback. c. a set point. d. positive feedback. Answer: d Textbook Reference: Animals Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 21. Physiological changes that occur by alteration of gene frequencies over the course of many generations are referred to as _______ changes. a. acute b. chronic c. evolutionary d. developmental Answer: c Textbook Reference: Animals Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 22. _______ is an example of “abandoning constancy” during thermoregulation. a. Sweating b. Shivering c. Hibernating d. Huddling Answer: c Textbook Reference: Animals Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying 23. What is the principal advantage of conformity? a. The process requires a large amount of energy. b. It allows cells to maintain a steady state. c. Very little energy is used by this process. d. Cells are subject to changes in their conditions. Answer: c Textbook Reference: Animals Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 24. Sweating in response to heat is an example of a(n) a. acute change. b. chronic change. c. evolutionary change. d. developmental change. © 2016 Sinauer Associates, Inc. Answer: a Textbook Reference: Animals Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 25.–26. Refer to the figure below. 25. What type of physiological response does the figure refer to? a. Chronic response b. Acute response c. Evolutionary response d. Developmental response Answer: a Textbook Reference: Animals Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying 26. If the heat exposure were removed, the line in the diagram would a. continue to show a plateau. b. drop sharply. c. gradually drop to its initial starting point. d. drop but be maintained somewhere at the middle level. Answer: c Textbook Reference: Animals Bloom’s Category: 4. Analyzing 27. Which response is the longest lasting? a. Acute response b. Chronic response c. Evolutionary response d. Developmental response Answer: c © 2016 Sinauer Associates, Inc. Textbook Reference: Animals Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 28. Rainbow trout captured and brought into a lab aquarium undergo a chronic adjustment to the conditions in the lab. This process is called a. phenotypic plasticity. b. feedback inhibition. c. acclimatization. d. acclimation. Answer: d Textbook Reference: Animals Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 29.–31. Refer to the figure below. 29. What statistical method was used to draw the trend line in the figure? a. Phylogenetically independent contrasts b. Ordinary least squares regression c. Weight-specific mean d. Logarithmic scaling Answer: b Textbook Reference: Animals Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying 30. According to the figure, what is the expected gestation period of a warthog? a. 20 weeks © 2016 Sinauer Associates, Inc. b. 24 weeks c. 30 weeks d. 55 weeks Answer: c Textbook Reference: Animals Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying 31. Which species in the figure shows an actual gestation period that is furthest from its expected gestation period? a. Bushbuck b. Dikdik c. Warthog d. Mountain zebra Answer: d Textbook Reference: Animals Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying 32. Which statement regarding the Antarctic fish species rock cod is false? a. Some species have no hemoglobin. b. The fish metabolically synthesize antifreeze to keep from freezing. c. The fish live their entire lives at body temperatures near –1.6°C. d. If acclimated slowly enough, the fish can survive in tropical waters. Answer: d Textbook Reference: Environments Bloom’s Category: 5. Evaluating 33. _______ can tolerate a body temperature of _______, one of the highest body temperatures recorded for any vertebrate animal. a. Humans; 50°C b. Thermophilic archaea; 100°C c. The desert iguana; 48.5°C d. Sea stars; 45.5°C Answer: c Textbook Reference: Environments Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering 34.–35. Refer to the figure below. © 2016 Sinauer Associates, Inc. 34. This figure shows that a. the number of butterfly species increases as one moves toward the equator. b. butterfly populations are larger near the equator than at any other latitude. c. the number of butterfly species increases as latitude increases. d. the butterfly population increases as latitude increases. Answer: a Textbook Reference: Environments Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying 35. The environmental factor that is most responsible for the data shown in the figure is a. sunlight. b. food. c. temperature. d. water. Answer: c Textbook Reference: Environments Bloom’s Category: 4. Analyzing 36. In which habitat would O2 concentration most likely be the lowest? a. A subnivean air space b. An open meadow at 4000 m elevation c. The bottom of a waterfall © 2016 Sinauer Associates, Inc. d. Pond water with a lot of algae Answer: d Textbook Reference: Environments Bloom’s Category: 5. Evaluating 37. At altitudes above _______ m, people often find simply walking uphill to be a significant challenge. a. 5000 b. 6500 c. 9000 d. 10,000 Answer: b Textbook Reference: Environments Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering 38. In order to obtain O2, water-breathers face a substantially greater challenge compared to air-breathers. Which of the following is not a reason for this difference? a. Water contains less O2 per liter than air does. b. Water is denser than air. c. Water can become anoxic more readily than air can. d. Oxygen diffuses more slowly across respiratory surfaces in water than in air. Answer: d Textbook Reference: Environments Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 39. Most invertebrates that live in the ocean, such as sea stars and corals, a. tend to lose water via osmosis. b. must drink water. c. must actively excrete water. d. do not gain or lose much water. Answer: d Textbook Reference: Environments Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 40. Which animal osmotically gains the most water per gram on a daily basis? a. Sea star b. Goldfish c. Coral d. Reef fish Answer: b Textbook Reference: Environments Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering 41. Certain _______ can tolerate almost complete desiccation. a. toads b. tardigrades © 2016 Sinauer Associates, Inc. c. marine bony fish d. goldfish Answer: b Textbook Reference: Environments Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering 42. The subnivean air space is an example of a(n) a. microenvironment. b. desert burrow. c. hibernating area. d. anoxic environment. Answer: a Textbook Reference: Environments Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 43. Which process most likely leads to adaptive evolution? a. Natural selection b. Genetic drift c. Bottlenecks d. Pleiotropy Answer: a Textbook Reference: Evolutionary Processes Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 44. Which observation best demonstrates the process of evolution? a. The increased presence of a trait favored by natural selection b. A change of gene frequencies over time c. The shifting of gene frequencies in a population because of random events d. The change in an animal’s phenotype in response to environmental change Answer: b Textbook Reference: Evolutionary Processes Bloom’s Category: 5. Evaluating 45. The shift in gene frequencies in smaller populations because of random deaths is referred to as a. evolution. b. nonadaptive evolution. c. genetic drift. d. pleiotropy. Answer: c Textbook Reference: Evolutionary Processes Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering 46. Because of _______, populations of the mosquito Culex pipiens are experiencing increased resistance to organophosphates and _______ in areas where organophosphates are sprayed. © 2016 Sinauer Associates, Inc. a. pleiotropy; reduced cold tolerance b. maladaptation; all other insecticides c. nonadaptive evolution; accelerated larval developmental stages d. natural selection; altered sex ratios Answer: a Textbook Reference: Evolutionary Processes Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering 47. Which conclusion was not made from the seminal 1979 paper by Gould and Lewontin? a. Natural selection in the present environment is just one of several processes by which a species may come to exhibit a trait. b. When physiologists refer to a trait as an adaptation, they are making a hypothesis that natural selection has occurred. c. Data must be gathered in order to assess whether adaptation is likely to have occurred. d. Indirect evidence cannot be used to support the hypothesis of adaptation. Answer: d Textbook Reference: Evolutionary Processes Bloom’s Category: 5. Evaluating 48. Which method is based on the premise that although we cannot see evolution that occurred in the past, the many kinds of animals alive today provide us with many examples of outcomes of evolution, and patterns we identify in these outcomes may provide insights into processes that occurred long ago? a. Studies of laboratory populations over many generations b. The adaptation method c. Phylogenetic reconstruction d. The comparative method Answer: d Textbook Reference: Evolutionary Processes Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 49. Which technique for the study of adaptation was used to generate the data shown in the figure below? © 2016 Sinauer Associates, Inc. a. Studies of laboratory populations over many generations b. Single-generation studies of individual variation c. Creation of variation for study d. Studies of genetic structures of natural populations Answer: b Textbook Reference: Evolutionary Processes Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying 50. The raw material(s) for evolution is(are) a. trait variation. b. natural selection. c. clines. d. alleles. Answer: d Textbook Reference: Evolutionary Processes Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 51.–53. Refer to the figure below. © 2016 Sinauer Associates, Inc. 51. What is the best caption for this figure? a. Variation in O2 consumption. b. Individual variation in maximum rate of O2 consumption. c. Mean maximum rate of O2 consumption. d. Range of maximum rate of O2 consumption. Answer: b Textbook Reference: Individual Variation and the Question of “Personalities” within a Population Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying 52. Assuming the trait measured in this figure is heritable, a. there can be no basis for natural selection to act on this trait. b. there is no variation from which natural selection can act on this trait. c. natural selection acts on the individuals with extreme trait measurements. d. the variation provides the raw material for natural selection. Answer: d Textbook Reference: Individual Variation and the Question of “Personalities” within a Population Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying 53. Statistically speaking, an elite weight lifter would be likely to have a maximum rate of O2 consumption a. mostly at the extreme low end of the distribution. b. mostly at the extreme high end of the distribution. c. in the average range to the lower end of the distribution. d. in the average range to the higher end of the distribution. Answer: c Textbook Reference: Individual Variation and the Question of “Personalities” within a Population © 2016 Sinauer Associates, Inc. Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying Short Answer 1. Using the firefly as an example, explain physiology’s two central questions—mechanism and origin. Answer: The firefly emits a flash of light from its abdomen. The process inside the animal that results in this event is the mechanism. That is, the brain sends nerve impulses that cause the light cells to become bathed with nitric oxide, resulting in the production of excited electrons through the reaction of O2 with luciferyl-AMP. However, this explanation of the mechanism does not explain the evolutionary origin of the trait. In this case, evidence suggests that the firefly produces light for mate attraction. Textbook Reference: Mechanism and Origin: Physiology’s Two Central Questions Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying 2. Compare and contrast adaptation and natural selection. Answer: Adaptation and natural selection are both concepts of evolution. Natural selection is a main process by which evolution occurs. It is the increase of gene frequencies that produce phenotypes that raises the likelihood that animals will survive and reproduce. An adaptation refers to the mechanism or trait that is the product of evolution by natural selection. Textbook Reference: Mechanism and Origin: Physiology’s Two Central Questions Bloom’s Category: 5. Evaluating 3. Describe three of the subdisciplines of animal physiology. Answer: Mechanistic physiology emphasizes the study of mechanism. Evolutionary physiology emphasizes the study of evolutionary origins. Comparative physiology is the synthetic study of the function of all animals. Environmental physiology studies how animals respond physiologically to environmental conditions and challenges. Integrative physiology is a synthetic investigation of all levels of biological organization. Textbook Reference: This Book’s Approach to Physiology Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering 4. Compare and contrast conformity and regulation, including the advantages and disadvantages of each. Answer: Conformity and regulation are responses of animals to changing environmental conditions. An animal that permits its internal conditions to be equal to those of the external environment is exhibiting conformity. Conformity has some energy-saving advantages, although the cells of the animal can be exposed to potentially widely varying conditions. An animal that maintains its internal conditions while external conditions change is exhibiting regulation. The advantage of regulation is internal consistency, although there is a trade-off in terms of increased energy expenditure. Textbook Reference: Animals Bloom’s Category: 5. Evaluating © 2016 Sinauer Associates, Inc. 5. Which of the five time frames in which physiology changes is represented by phenotypic plasticity? Give an example. Answer: Phenotypic plasticity refers to the chronic, reversible physiologic changes of acclimation and acclimatization. For example, as temperatures become colder in the winter, the fur on arctic hares becomes thicker and whiter. Textbook Reference: Animals Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 6. What is the importance of body size in the study of animal physiology? Answer: Body size is important in the study of animal physiology because many physiological measurements are affected by body size. Gestation period in mammals, for example, increases in a predictable manner with body size. Metabolic rate and other factors related to metabolic rate also correlate with body size. If body size is not taken into account for certain measurements, this factor may produce most of the variation in the data collected and mask other factors. Textbook Reference: Animals Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 7. A water temperature of 6°C can be lethal for both tropical fish and Antarctic fish—explain. Answer: Not all fish species are able to survive at all water temperatures, even if given years to acclimate. Most tropical fish will die if cooled (even slowly) to 6°C. In contrast, Antarctic fish species have evolved for millions of years at –1.9°C, and even slowly warming them to 6°C will kill them. Textbook Reference: Environments Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 8. Describe how the density layering of water can create anoxic zones. Answer: Warmer water is less dense than colder water. During summer months, the water on the surface of lakes and ponds gets warmed and stays on the top for the duration of the summer, with little mixing. This leaves a colder, stagnant, bottom layer of water that will slowly lose oxygen because the microbes deplete the dissolved oxygen. Textbook Reference: Environments Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 9. Explain how adaptive and nonadaptive processes can contribute to evolution. Answer: Adaptive processes are the processes of natural selection that result in traits that provide advantages in a population. Nonadaptive evolution includes processes by which less-adaptable alleles may persist in a population. A trait may persist because of chance (genetic drift), or because it is related to another favored trait (pleiotropy), or because it was once advantageous and has not been selected against. Textbook Reference: Evolutionary Processes Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 10. Explain the statement: “A trait is not an adaptation merely because it exists.” © 2016 Sinauer Associates, Inc. Answer: Not all traits are evolutionary adaptations that confer an advantage. Traits can exist because of evolutionary drift and other forms of nonadaptive evolution. Even a trait that appears to be beneficial is not necessarily an evolutionary adaptation. As Gould and Lewontin point out, in order to call a trait adaptive, one must provide empirical evidence that the trait is an adaptation. Textbook Reference: Evolutionary Processes Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding ONLINE QUIZ QUESTIONS 1. Which statement regarding the discipline of physiology is false? a. Physiologists study how animals work. b. Physiology is a key discipline for understanding the fundamental biology of all animals. c. Physiology is a key discipline for understanding the health and disease of nonhuman animals. d. Physiology is a key discipline for understanding the social context of human disease. Answer: d Textbook Reference: The Importance of Physiology Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 2. Which of the following is an example of a possible physiological effect a river dam could impose on migrating Pacific salmon? a. It could completely block the salmon’s migration. b. The salmon may get past the dam, but their efforts cost them too much energy. c. The salmon may get past the dam, but subsequent navigation may be impaired. d. It could slow the salmon, making them more vulnerable to predation. Answer: b Textbook Reference: The Highly Integrative Nature of Physiology Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 3. Which statement regarding fish gills best approximates the description of a mechanism? a. Freshwater fish use ATP to pump ions inward across the gill membrane. b. Fish with more gill surface area have an advantage in hypoxic water. c. Gills evolved as an organ to extract oxygen from the water. d. The larger the fish, the larger the gill surface area must be to support its metabolism. Answer: a Textbook Reference: Mechanism and Origin: Physiology’s Two Central Questions Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying 4. Populations of one salmon species differ genetically, and this difference increases as the physical distance between the populations increases. This statement refers to the study of which level of organization? © 2016 Sinauer Associates, Inc. a. Systems physiology b. Morphology c. Ecology d. Evolution Answer: d Textbook Reference: Mechanism and Origin: Physiology’s Two Central Questions Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying 5. Which is the most accurate description of the mechanism of the light-emitting reaction in the firefly? a. Oxygen reacts with luciferin to produce light. b. Oxygen reacts with luciferyl-AMP to produce light. c. Nitric oxide reacts with luciferin to produce light. d. Nitric oxide reacts with luciferyl-AMP to produce light. Answer: b Textbook Reference: Mechanism and Origin: Physiology’s Two Central Questions Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering 6. The increase in frequency of genes that produce phenotypes that raise the likelihood that an animal will survive and reproduce is called a. feedback. b. adaptive significance. c. natural selection. d. adaptation. Answer: c Textbook Reference: Mechanism and Origin: Physiology’s Two Central Questions Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering 7. Which statement regarding fish eyes and octopus eyes is most accurate? a. They are similar in gross appearance and functional performance but differ in their adaptive significance and mechanisms. b. They are similar in gross appearance, functional performance, and adaptive significance but differ in their mechanisms. c. They are similar in gross appearance, functional performance, adaptive significance, and mechanism. d. They differ in gross appearance, functional performance, and adaptive significance, but are similar in their mechanisms. Answer: b Textbook Reference: Mechanism and Origin: Physiology’s Two Central Questions Bloom’s Category: 5. Evaluating 8. If an animal permits internal and external conditions to be equal, it is said to show a. conformity. b. regulation. c. homeostasis. d. physiological independence. © 2016 Sinauer Associates, Inc. Answer: a Textbook Reference: Animals Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering 9. Which statement regarding conformity and regulation is false? a. Animals can be both regulators and conformers. b. Conformity and regulation are extremes; intermediate responses are more common. c. Animals frequently show conformity with respect to some characteristics while regulating others. d. Conformity costs more energy to maintain than regulation. Answer: d Textbook Reference: Animals Bloom’s Category: 5. Evaluating 10. Testosterone is released by the testes in response to luteinizing hormone, released from the pituitary gland. As circulating testosterone levels rise, they act on the pituitary gland to reduce the secretion of luteinizing hormone, thus reducing the production of testosterone. This is an example of a. positive feedback. b. negative feedback. c. adaptation. d. acclimation. Answer: b Textbook Reference: Animals Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying 11. The surprise of a phone call at 3:00 AM results in an increase in heart rate. This is an example of a(n) a. acute change. b. chronic change. c. evolutionary change. d. change controlled by a biological clock. Answer: a Textbook Reference: Animals Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying 12. An artic fox growing a thicker fur layer for the winter is an example of a(n) a. acute change. b. chronic change. c. evolutionary change. d. developmental change. Answer: b Textbook Reference: Animals Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying 13. Length of gestation _______ body size in mammals. © 2016 Sinauer Associates, Inc. a. is inversely proportional to b. is independent of c. is unrelated to d. scales as an exponential function of Answer: d Textbook Reference: Animals Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 14. The lowest temperature inhabited by active communities of relatively large, temperature-conforming animals is a. 1.9°C. b. 0°C. c. –1.9°C. d. –10°C. Answer: c Textbook Reference: Environments Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering 15. The number of species of swallowtail butterflies tends to a. increase at high longitudes. b. increase at low latitudes. c. increase at high latitudes. d. increase at high altitudes. Answer: b Textbook Reference: Environments Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering 16. The altitude limit at which dedicated human climbers can climb without supplemental oxygen is about a. 5000 m. b. 8000 m. c. 12,000 m. d. 15,000 m. Answer: b Textbook Reference: Environments Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying 17. In the summer, a sun-heated lake will tend to have the lowest concentration of dissolved oxygen a. at the lake’s surface. b. about 2 m below the lake’s surface. c. at about the middle depth of the lake. d. at the bottom of the lake. Answer: d Textbook Reference: Environments Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying © 2016 Sinauer Associates, Inc. 18. For terrestrial animals, one of the greatest physiological challenges is a. obtaining food. b. obtaining oxygen. c. preventing water loss. d. locomotion. Answer: c Textbook Reference: Environments Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 19. A change of gene frequencies over time in a population of organisms is referred to as a. evolution. b. adaptation. c. genetic drift. d. pleiotropy. Answer: a Textbook Reference: Evolutionary Processes Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering 20. The process of chance assuming a preeminent role in altering gene frequencies is called a. evolution. b. adaptation. c. genetic drift. d. natural selection. Answer: c Textbook Reference: Evolutionary Processes Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering 21. Which statement best describes the data in the figure below? © 2016 Sinauer Associates, Inc. a. All 35 mice have virtually identical maximum O2 consumption values to each other. b. Maximum O2 consumption in the 35 mice changed over time. c. Maximum O2 consumption varied among the 35 mice. d. Natural selection is acting on maximum O2 consumption. Answer: c Textbook Reference: Individual Variation and the Question of “Personalities” within a Population Bloom’s Category: 4. Analyzing 22. Variation in maximum O2 consumption rate among human populations is a. due to both genetic and nongenetic causes. b. primarily due to genetic causes. c. primarily due to nongenetic causes. d. what determines the nature of a person’s athletic ability. Answer: a Textbook Reference: Individual Variation and the Question of “Personalities” within a Population Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying © 2016 Sinauer Associates, Inc. Test Bank to accompany Animal Physiology, Fourth Edition Hill • Wyse • Anderson Chapter 2: Molecules and Cells in Animal Physiology TEST BANK QUESTIONS Multiple Choice 1. Which molecule is part of a cell membrane? a. Cholesterol b. Ubiquitin c. Cyclic AMP d. Calmodulin Answer: a Textbook Reference: Cell Membranes and Intracellular Membranes Bloom’s Category: 4. Analyzing 2. A molecule that consists of a polar portion and a nonpolar portion is said to be a. hydrophilic. b. hydrophobic. c. an integral protein. d. amphipathic. Answer: d Textbook Reference: Cell Membranes and Intracellular Membranes Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering 3. A saturated hydrocarbon tends to a. be more liquid at colder temperatures compared to an unsaturated hydrocarbon. b. be more solid at colder temperatures compared to an unsaturated hydrocarbon. c. contain many double bonds. d. contain fewer carbon–carbon bonds compared to an unsaturated hydrocarbon. Answer: b Textbook Reference: Cell Membranes and Intracellular Membranes Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 4. Compared to fish found in lower temperature habitats, fish that inhabit higher temperatures tend to have more a. saturated phospholipids in their brain synaptic membranes. b. saturated phospholipids in their brain proteins. c. unsaturated phospholipids in their brain synaptic membranes. d. unsaturated phospholipids in their brain proteins. Answer: a © 2016 Sinauer Associates, Inc. Textbook Reference: Cell Membranes and Intracellular Membranes Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying 5. Which membrane protein is responsible for the passive movement of K+ across the typical animal cell membrane? a. Channel b. Enzyme c. Transporter d. Receptor Answer: a Textbook Reference: Cell Membranes and Intracellular Membranes Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 6. When a protein is denatured, which of the following structures is disrupted first? a. Primary b. Secondary c. Tertiary d. Quarternary Answer: c Textbook Reference: Cell Membranes and Intracellular Membranes Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering 7. Which molecule is a functional membrane protein? a. Acetylcholine b. Cholesterol c. The Na+‒K+ pump d. Calmodulin Answer: c Textbook Reference: Cell Membranes and Intracellular Membranes Bloom’s Category: 5. Evaluating 8. A ring of _______ demarcates the apical surface of the cell from its lateral and basal surfaces. a. tight junctions b. septate junctions c. gap junctions e. microvilli Answer: a Textbook Reference: Epithelia Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 9. Which of the following is considered a communicating junction? a. Gap junction b. Tight junction c. Septate junction d. Desmosome © 2016 Sinauer Associates, Inc. Answer: a Textbook Reference: Epithelia Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering 10. _______ is(are) the specific set of processes by which complex chemical compounds are broken down to release energy, create smaller chemical building blocks, or prepare chemical constituents for elimination. a. Metabolism b. Catabolism c. Anabolism d. Biochemical reactions Answer: b Textbook Reference: Elements of Metabolism Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering 11. Per gram, the leopard frog can jump farther per jump compared to the western toad because the leopard frog a. is insensitive to lactic acid. b. tends to live in warmer climates. c. has a higher aerobic capacity. d. creates more lactic acid per unit time. Answer: d Textbook Reference: Enzyme Fundamentals Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 12. Which statement regarding enzymes is false? a. All enzymes are catalysts. b. Enzymes have substrates and products. c. Enzymes speed chemical reactions. d. All catalysts are enzymes. Answer: d Textbook Reference: Enzyme Fundamentals Bloom’s Category: 5. Evaluating 13. Which reaction is catalyzed by LDH? a. Pyruvic acid + NADH2 → lactic acid + NAD b. Pyruvic acid + NAD → pyruvic acid + NADH2 c. Pyruvic acid + NAD → lactic acid + NADH2 d. Lactic acid + NADH2 → pyruvic acid + NAD Answer: a Textbook Reference: Enzyme Fundamentals Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying 14. The amount of substrate converted to product per unit of time is called the a. turnover number. b. saturated speed. © 2016 Sinauer Associates, Inc. c. Vmax. d. reaction velocity. Answer: d Textbook Reference: Enzyme Fundamentals Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering 15. Turnover number (kcat) describes what property of an enzymatic reaction? a. Activation energy b. Catalytic effectiveness c. Enzyme‒substrate affinity d. The transition state Answer: b Textbook Reference: Enzyme Fundamentals Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering 16. The likelihood that an enzyme will form a complex with the substrate during a collision is called the a. catalytic effectiveness. b. activation energy. c. enzyme‒substrate affinity. d. transition state. Answer: c Textbook Reference: Enzyme Fundamentals Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering 17. An enzymatic reaction is proceeding at subsaturation. Which of the following is not a means by which the enzymatic reaction can be increased? a. Adding more substrate b. Adding more enzyme c. Increasing the catalytic effectiveness d. Increasing the temperature Answer: b Textbook Reference: Enzyme Fundamentals Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying 18.–22. Refer to the figure below. © 2016 Sinauer Associates, Inc. 18. Which of the following represent the best labels for the x axis and the y axis in the figure? a. x = Substrate concentration; y = Reaction velocity b. x = Enzyme concentration; y = Reaction velocity c. x = Time; y = Substrate concentration d. x = Time; y = Enzyme‒substrate conversion rate Answer: a Textbook Reference: Enzyme Fundamentals Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying 19. Which letter in the figure represents high affinity? a. I b. II c. III d. V Answer: b Textbook Reference: Enzyme Fundamentals Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying 20. Which letter in the figure best represents the Vmax? a. VI b. I c. III d. V Answer: d Textbook Reference: Enzyme Fundamentals Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying 21. In the figure, which region best represents the Km of the highest affinity enzyme? a. I b. II c. VII d. IV Answer: c Textbook Reference: Enzyme Fundamentals © 2016 Sinauer Associates, Inc. Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying 22. If more substrate is added to the reaction system of line C in the diagram, what would be the most likely outcome? a. The curve of line C would shift toward line B. b. The Vmax will increase. c. Km will decrease. d. The curve will remain the same. Answer: d Textbook Reference: Enzyme Fundamentals Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying 23. Citrate binding to phosphofructokinase is an example of a. heterotropic cooperativity. b. negative cooperativity. c. allosteric inhibition. d. competitive inhibition. Answer: c Textbook Reference: Enzyme Fundamentals Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying 24. Human LDH-B4 and rat LDH-B4 are examples of a. isozymes. b. analogous enzymes. c. isoenzymes. d. interspecific enzyme homologs. Answer: d Textbook Reference: Enzyme Fundamentals Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 25. An enzyme-encoding gene is considered to be_______ within a cell if the gene results in the synthesis of the encoded enzyme within that same cell. a. promoted b. induced c. expressed d. enhanced Answer: c Textbook Reference: Regulation of Cell Function by Enzymes Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 26. _______ enzymes are present in a tissue in relatively high and steady amounts regardless of conditions, whereas _______ enzymes are present at low levels (or not at all) in a tissue unless their synthesis is activated. a. Inducible; constitutive b. Promotable; constitutive c. Constitutive; inducible © 2016 Sinauer Associates, Inc. d. Expressed; promotable Answer: c Textbook Reference: Regulation of Cell Function by Enzymes Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 27. Which statement regarding allosteric modulation is true? a. The binding of an allosteric modulator follows the law of mass action. b. The binding of an allosteric modulator is irreversible. c. An allosteric modulator, when present, will always bind to the enzyme it modulates. d. The binding of an allosteric modulator always increases the catalytic activity of the enzyme. Answer: a Textbook Reference: Regulation of Cell Function by Enzymes Bloom’s Category: 5. Evaluating 28. Citrate combines with phosphofructokinase at the _______ site, ultimately _______ catalytic activity and thus regulating glycolysis. a. allosteric; increasing b. allosteric; decreasing c. active; increasing d. active; decreasing Answer: b Textbook Reference: Regulation of Cell Function by Enzymes Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying 29. Which of the following is directly involved in covalent modulation? a. The Na+‒K+ pump b. Protein kinases c. van der Waals interactions d. Calcium Answer: b Textbook Reference: Regulation of Cell Function by Enzymes Bloom’s Category: 5. Evaluating 30.–31. Refer to the figure below. © 2016 Sinauer Associates, Inc. 30. How many different enzymes are catalyzing reactions? a. Two b. Three c. Four d. Five Answer: b Textbook Reference: Regulation of Cell Function by Enzymes Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying 31. According to the figure, a high amount of products from the Kreb’s cycle could act as _______ and result in _______ of the overall reaction. a. covalent modulators; inhibition b. covalent modulators; acceleration c. allosteric modulators; inhibition d. allosteric modulators; acceleration Answer: c Textbook Reference: Regulation of Cell Function by Enzymes Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying © 2016 Sinauer Associates, Inc. 32. A protein kinase catalyzes the phosphorylation of another protein kinase, which in turn catalyzes the phosphorylation of a third protein kinase. This series of multiple enzyme sequences is an excellent example of a. amplification. b. a rate-limiting reaction. c. inducing enzymes. d. allosteric regulation. Answer: a Textbook Reference: Regulation of Cell Function by Enzymes Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 33. The _______ is(are) directly responsible for the amplifying effects during a second messenger cascade. a. receptors b. substrates c. enzymes d. cell membrane Answer: c Textbook Reference: Regulation of Cell Function by Enzymes Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 34.–35. Refer to the figure below. 34. Which abiotic factor most likely explains the data in the figure? a. LDH expression © 2016 Sinauer Associates, Inc. b. Allele frequencies c. Temperature d. Predation Answer: c Textbook Reference: Evolution of Enzymes Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying 35. The figure shows the a. frequency distribution of two predators on killifish. b. frequency distribution of two different alleles of the gene for LDH. c. frequency distribution of two main diets of killifish. d. temperature tolerance of two subtypes of killifish. Answer: b Textbook Reference: Evolution of Enzymes Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering 36.–37. Refer to the figure below. © 2016 Sinauer Associates, Inc. 36. What is the best explanation for why mammalian and fish LDH-C enzymes are shown to be so distantly related? a. Many separate gene duplication events created the C version of LDH. b. The tree is based on LDH-A relationships, so it does not accurately show how closely related the LHD-C versions are to one another. c. The enzymes were named before the actual evolutionary relationships were known. d. The tree is separated based on animal phyla, not LDH. Answer: c Textbook Reference: Evolution of Enzymes Bloom’s Category: 4. Analyzing 37. The diamonds refer to a. genetic divergence. b. gene duplication. c. mutations. © 2016 Sinauer Associates, Inc. d. speciation. Answer: b Textbook Reference: Evolution of Enzymes Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying 38. In rats, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase activity per gram of liver significantly increases at birth and remains at this higher level for the life of the animal. This is an example of enzymatic change that takes place over a(n) _______ time frame. a. acute b. chronic c. evolutionary d. developmental Answer: d Textbook Reference: Enzymes Are Instruments of Change in All Time Frames Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying 39. If a protein in situ becomes partially denatured because of high temperature, the denaturation can be reversed by a a. molecular chaperone. b. proteasome. c. ubiquitin. d. peptidase. Answer: a Textbook Reference: The Life and Death of Proteins Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 40. Which of the following tags proteins for destruction? a. Proteasome b. Ubiquitin c. Molecular chaperone d. Heat-shock protein Answer: b Textbook Reference: The Life and Death of Proteins Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering 41. The process of absorbing preexisting light and re-emitting it at longer wavelengths is called a. bioluminescence. b. reflection. c. chromatophoration. d. fluorescence. Answer: d Textbook Reference: Light and Color Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding © 2016 Sinauer Associates, Inc. 42. The ability of animals to change color in seconds or minutes depends on the function of a. photocytes. b. chromatophores. c. photoproteins. d. luciferin. Answer: b Textbook Reference: Light and Color Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 43. Intracellular modification of activity in response to an external signal is an example of a. transduction. b. transformation. c. conversion. d. covalent modulation. Answer: a Textbook Reference: Reception and Use of Signals by Cells Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 44. Extracellular signaling molecules initiate their actions on a cell by binding with certain protein molecules of the cell called a. ligands. b. peripheral proteins. c. integral proteins. d. receptors. Answer: d Textbook Reference: Reception and Use of Signals by Cells Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering 45. Which of the following statements regarding the ligand-gated receptor is false? a. The naturally occurring ligand can cause the associated protein channel to open. b. The naturally occurring ligand should bind irreversibly to the receptor until it breaks down. c. A similarly shaped foreign ligand can attach to the receptor and block the naturally occurring ligand from binding. d. A ligand can attach to the receptor and activate an intracellular catalytic site on the same molecule. Answer: b Textbook Reference: Reception and Use of Signals by Cells Bloom’s Category: 5. Evaluating 46. Receptor proteins can bring about all of the following cellular actions except a. reinforcing the structure of the membrane. b. opening a protein channel on the membrane. c. activating an enzyme on the intracellular surface. © 2016 Sinauer Associates, Inc. d. combining with a ligand to initiate transcription. Answer: a Textbook Reference: Reception and Use of Signals by Cells Bloom’s Category: 5. Evaluating 47. The α-conotoxin injected into fish by the cone snail binds to and therefore blocks receptor sites on the muscle membrane. This prevents a(n) a. enzyme from being activated. b. G protein from being activated. c. channel from opening into the nucleus. d. channel from opening. Answer: d Textbook Reference: Reception and Use of Signals by Cells Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying 48. Which reaction does not directly produce an amplification? a. Activation of a G protein by an activated receptor b. Formation of cyclic AMP by catalyzing action of adenylyl cyclase c. Activation of glycogen phosphorylase kinase by active cAMP-dependent protein kinase d. Opening of a ligand-gated channel on the membrane Answer: d Textbook Reference: Reception and Use of Signals by Cells Bloom’s Category: 5. Evaluating 49. Which substance is considered a second messenger? a. IP3-gated calcium channel b. Calcium c. Epinephrine d. Adenylyl cyclase Answer: b Textbook Reference: Reception and Use of Signals by Cells Bloom’s Category: 5. Evaluating 50. As a second messenger, calcium typically binds to a. calmodulin, and the complex activates protein kinases. b. a G protein to activate general second messengers. c. cyclic AMP to activate cAMP-dependent protein kinases. d. inositol triphosphate to activate the endoplasmic reticulum. Answer: a Textbook Reference: Reception and Use of Signals by Cells Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding Short Answer Questions © 2016 Sinauer Associates, Inc. 1. Describe what it means for a phospholipid to be amphipathic and how this feature is paramount in the formation of the membrane. Answer: The cell membrane is composed of bilayer phospholipids, which are amphipathic. This means that the molecule consists of a polar part (regional differences in charge) and a nonpolar part (lacking regional differences in charge). Because water is by nature a polar molecule, the polar ends of the phospholipids contact the aqueous solutions, whereas the hydrophobic nonpolar ends of the phospholipids face each other, forming the inner region of the membrane. Textbook Reference: Cell Membranes and Intracellular Membranes Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 2. Provide a specific example of how a membrane protein can be categorized as more than one functional type. Answer: There are five functional types of membrane proteins, but a receptor protein, as a prominent example, can be classified into more than one category. Receptor proteins can also function as channels, transporters, and enzymes. Textbook Reference: Cell Membranes and Intracellular Membranes Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying 3. Describe how epithelial cells control the transport of substances between the apical and basal sides and thus between different body regions. Answer: Epithelial cells are able to control and even mediate the transport of substances between the apical and basal areas via occluding junctions between epithelial cells. Substances must pass through the cell to cross the epithelia, and this transcellular path can be highly controlled. Only very small molecules may be able to pass through the occluding junctions and thus take the paracellular path. Textbook Reference: Epithelia Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 4. Define the law of mass action and apply it to a real biochemical reaction. Answer: For a given reaction of A + B ↔ C + D, the law of mass action states that if the compounds are out of equilibrium, the reaction will proceed in the direction of equilibrium as dictated by the ratios of concentrations. For example, within glycolysis, pyruvate typically forms lactic acid. However, in the event that lactic acid concentrations rise significantly, the reaction can be reversed, forming pyruvate from lactic acid. Textbook Reference: Enzyme Fundamentals Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying 5. Compare and contrast the factors affecting the rate of an enzymatic reaction in a substrate that is subsaturated and one that is saturated or at Vmax. Answer: Both reaction velocities at Vmax and in reactions that are subsaturated will be affected by the number of active enzyme molecules present and the catalytic effectiveness of each enzyme molecule. However, reaction velocities in subsaturated reactions will also depend on the affinity of enzyme molecules for the substrate. Textbook Reference: Enzyme Fundamentals Bloom’s Category: 5. Evaluating © 2016 Sinauer Associates, Inc. 6. Describe how amplification works in the cell and why it is important. Answer: In the cell, if any agent that is activated is itself an enzyme, it is able to catalyze a reaction, forming many products. If these products are also enzymes for other reactions, the amplification process will be exponential. This is important in cell function because one receptor binding one ligand (such as epinephrine) can amplify and bring about a significant result (i.e., the creation of millions of glucose molecules from glycogen). Textbook Reference: Regulation of Cell Function by Enzymes Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 7. How does the killifish demonstrate the present-day operation of evolutionary forces? Answer: The killifish that live along the entire east coast of the United States show two different alleles of the gene for the B form of lactate dehydrogenase. Since these fish travel extensively along the coast, one would expect the alleles to be evenly distributed. The fact that different allele frequencies persist from place to place indicates that fish with different alleles undergo differential survival and reproduction—an example of the working of present-day evolutionary forces. Textbook Reference: Evolution of Enzymes Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying 8. Compare and contrast bioluminescence and fluorescence and describe the light production of the hydromedusan jellyfish (Aequorea victoria). Answer: Both bioluminescence and fluorescence can occur within a photocyte, but in bioluminescence, the light is produced de novo. In fluorescence, preexisting light is absorbed and re-emitted at longer wavelengths. In the hydromedusan jellyfish, clusters of photocytes produce blue light. However, the light emitted is green because a green fluorescent protein converts the emission wavelengths. Textbook Reference: Light and Color Bloom’s Category: 5. Evaluating 9. List and briefly describe the four types of receptor proteins involved in cell signaling. Answer: (1) Ligand-gated channels bind ligands so that channels can open for ions to pass through the cell membrane. (2) G protein receptors bind ligands and activate a G protein system, which is a complex secondary messenger system that typically amplifies effects in the cell. (3) The enzyme/enzyme-linked receptor binds a ligand on the extracellular surface that activates the receptor protein. The activated receptor protein is itself an enzyme that catalyzes a reaction, typically on the intracellular side. (4) The intracellular receptor is typically housed inside the nucleus, and the ligand usually passes through the cell membrane and the nuclear membrane via diffusion. Once the ligand attaches to the intracellular receptor, the complex initiates transcription by interacting with the DNA. Textbook Reference: Reception and Use of Signals by Cells Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 10. Describe how a simple ion such as calcium is used as a second messenger. © 2016 Sinauer Associates, Inc. Answer: Calcium ions sometimes act as second messengers. Inositol triphosphate activates a gated channel on the endoplasmic reticulum, which releases calcium into the cytoplasm. Calcium then binds to the protein calmodulin, which can then activate protein kinases or other enzymes. Textbook Reference: Reception and Use of Signals by Cells Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding ONLINE QUIZ QUESTIONS 1. Which statement regarding brain phospholipids in fish is most accurate? a. Tropical fish tend to have very unsaturated phospholipids in their brain synaptic membranes. b. Fish in very cold habitats tend to have very saturated phospholipids in their brain synaptic membranes. c. The colder the habitat, the greater the degree of phospholipid unsaturation in the brain synaptic membranes. d. The degree of phospholipid saturation in brain synaptic membranes is independent of habitat temperature. Answer: c Textbook Reference: Cell Membranes and Intracellular Membranes Bloom’s Category: 5. Evaluating 2. Which of the following is not a functional type of membrane protein? a. Enzyme b. Receptor c. Structural d. Resistance Answer: d Textbook Reference: Cell Membranes and Intracellular Membranes Bloom’s Category: 5. Evaluating 3. Which cell‒cell junctions allow cytoplasmic flow between the connected cells? a. Tight junction b. Septate junction c. Gap junction d. Desmosome Answer: c Textbook Reference: Epithelia Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering 4. When there are more substrate molecules than the enzyme molecules can accommodate, the reaction is a. saturated. b. subsaturated. © 2016 Sinauer Associates, Inc. c. showing the highest enzyme–substrate affinity. d. at its Km. Answer: a Textbook Reference: Enzyme Fundamentals Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 5. The catalytic effectiveness of an enzyme molecule is expressed as the a. half-saturation constant, Km. b. activation energy during a saturated reaction. c. number of substrate molecules converted to product per second by each enzyme molecule when saturated. d. maximum velocity, Vmax. Answer: c Textbook Reference: Enzyme Fundamentals Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying 6. The allosteric site is located a. on the enzyme. b. on the substrate. c. on the cell surface. d. on the modulator. Answer: a Textbook Reference: Enzyme Fundamentals Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering 7. Human LDH-A4 and rat LDH-A4 together are a good example of a. isozymes. b. interspecific enzyme homologs. c. allosteric modulators. d. ligands. Answer: b Textbook Reference: Enzyme Fundamentals Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying 8. An animal is exposed to halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons, and as a result, its levels of P450 enzymes rise. This is an example of the action of a. transcription factors. b. enhancers. c. constitutive enzymes. d. inducible enzymes. Answer: d Textbook Reference: Regulation of Cell Function by Enzymes Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying © 2016 Sinauer Associates, Inc. 9. When an allosterically modulated enzyme is the rate-limiting enzyme in a metabolic pathway, the entire pathway may be upregulated or downregulated by allosteric modulation. The result of downregulation of the entire pathway is called a. feedback inhibition. b. positive feedback. c. covalent modulation. d. phosphorylation. Answer: a Textbook Reference: Regulation of Cell Function by Enzymes Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 10. Multiple-enzyme sequences in which each enzyme in the sequence activates another enzyme is an example of a. covalent modulation. b. allosteric modulation. c. amplification. d. feedback inhibition. Answer: c Textbook Reference: Regulation of Cell Function by Enzymes Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 11. The example of killifish allele frequency distribution along the Atlantic coast describes enzyme changes over a(n) _______ time frame. a. acute b. chronic c. evolutionary d. developmental Answer: c Textbook Reference: Evolution of Enzymes Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying 12. In the most common protein-degradation mechanism, tagging occurs by the attachment of _______ to the protein targeted to be degraded. a. a heat-shock protein b. a molecular chaperone c. a proteasome d. ubiquitin Answer: d Textbook Reference: The Life and Death of Proteins Bloom’s Category: 3. Applying 13. In a bioluminescent animal such as the hydromedusa jellyfish Aequorea victoria, the _______ consist(s) of luciferin, O2, and a protein. a. chromatophores b. pigment granules c. photocyte © 2016 Sinauer Associates, Inc. d. photoprotein Answer: d Textbook Reference: Light and Color Bloom’s Category: 2. Understanding 14. Color change in fish depends on flattened pigment-containing cells called a. photoproteins. b. chromatophores. c. photocytes. d. chromocytes. Answer: b Textbook Reference: Light and Color Bloom’s Category: 1. Remembering 15. Which receptor protein brings about cascades of membrane proteins involving significant amplification? a. Ligand-g