NSG 5003 Midterm Exam Study Guide
Form of necrosis a/w TB? Caseous
Most common cause of cellular injury? Hypoxia
Acid- pH <7.35 Base- pH >7.45
Oxidative phosphorylation occurs in the mitochondria. Oxidative phosphorylation is the
mechanism by which energy produced from carbs fats, and proteins is transferred to ATP.
Hypotonic solution causes cellular swelling- D5W (dextrose in water), D51/2NS (5% dextrose
and 0.45%NS), 1/2NS (0.45%NS), D51/4NS( 5% dextrose and 0.2%NS), 1/4NS (0.2%NS)
Hypertonic solution causes cellular shrinkage- 3%NS “ocean water”
Isotonic solution- LR, NS, D5NS
Heat exhaustion- hemoconcentration from water and salt loss
Water moves between the ICF and ECF compartments by osmosis. Water moves between the
plasma and interstitial fluid by osmosis and hydrostatic pressure, which can occur across the
capillary membrane.
Hypokalemia- potassium <3.5 can be caused by reduced K+ intake, increased ICF to ECF K+
concentration, loss of K+, increased aldosterone secretion and increased renal secretion. S/S:
decreased neuromuscular excitability, skeletal muscle weakness, smooth muscle atony, cardiac
dysrhythmias.
Greatest carrier to push K+ back into the cell? Insulin
Hypernatremia- Na+ > 147, can be caused by sodium gain or water loss. Movement of H20
from ICF to ECF. S/S: dehydration, convulsions, pulmonary edema, hypotension, tachycardia.
TX: Isotonic salt-free fluids
, Hyponatremia- Na+ < 135, can be caused by Na+ deficits leading to plasma hypoosmolality
and cellular swelling. S/S: lethargy, HA, confusion, apprehension, seizures, and coma. TX: fluid
restriction, NaCl tablets
Physical barriers? Skin, Ex: epithelial cells
Mechanical barrier? Mucous membrane
Biochemical barrier? Epithelial surfaces. Ex: mucus, sweat, saliva, tears, earwax
Vascular injury is an acute inflammation that includes, vasodilation, increased capillary
permeability, and WBC adherence to inner vessel walls and their migration through vessel walls.
S/S/: redness, heat, swelling, and pain
Neutrophils are the predominant phagocytes in the early inflammatory site, arriving within 6 to
12 hours after the initial injury, where they ingest (phagocytose) bacteria, dead cells, and cellular
debris.
Another population of granulocytes is the eosinophil. Eosinophils have two specific functions:
(1) they serve as the body’s primary defense against parasites and (2) they help regulate vascular
mediators released from mast cells. The second function, regulation of mast cell–derived
inflammatory mediators, is a critical function of eosinophils.
The basophil is the least prevalent granulocyte in the blood. It is very similar to mast cells in the
content of its granules and, in addition, is an important source of the cytokine IL-4, which is a
key regulator of the adaptive immune response. Although often associated with allergies and
asthma, its primary role is yet unknown.
The monocyte/macrophage is the predominant phagocyte in the late inflammatory response, is
highly phagocytic, is responsive to cytokines, and promotes wound healing.
Which statement is true regarding generation of clonal diversity? It occurs in primary lymphoid
organs
Form of necrosis a/w TB? Caseous
Most common cause of cellular injury? Hypoxia
Acid- pH <7.35 Base- pH >7.45
Oxidative phosphorylation occurs in the mitochondria. Oxidative phosphorylation is the
mechanism by which energy produced from carbs fats, and proteins is transferred to ATP.
Hypotonic solution causes cellular swelling- D5W (dextrose in water), D51/2NS (5% dextrose
and 0.45%NS), 1/2NS (0.45%NS), D51/4NS( 5% dextrose and 0.2%NS), 1/4NS (0.2%NS)
Hypertonic solution causes cellular shrinkage- 3%NS “ocean water”
Isotonic solution- LR, NS, D5NS
Heat exhaustion- hemoconcentration from water and salt loss
Water moves between the ICF and ECF compartments by osmosis. Water moves between the
plasma and interstitial fluid by osmosis and hydrostatic pressure, which can occur across the
capillary membrane.
Hypokalemia- potassium <3.5 can be caused by reduced K+ intake, increased ICF to ECF K+
concentration, loss of K+, increased aldosterone secretion and increased renal secretion. S/S:
decreased neuromuscular excitability, skeletal muscle weakness, smooth muscle atony, cardiac
dysrhythmias.
Greatest carrier to push K+ back into the cell? Insulin
Hypernatremia- Na+ > 147, can be caused by sodium gain or water loss. Movement of H20
from ICF to ECF. S/S: dehydration, convulsions, pulmonary edema, hypotension, tachycardia.
TX: Isotonic salt-free fluids
, Hyponatremia- Na+ < 135, can be caused by Na+ deficits leading to plasma hypoosmolality
and cellular swelling. S/S: lethargy, HA, confusion, apprehension, seizures, and coma. TX: fluid
restriction, NaCl tablets
Physical barriers? Skin, Ex: epithelial cells
Mechanical barrier? Mucous membrane
Biochemical barrier? Epithelial surfaces. Ex: mucus, sweat, saliva, tears, earwax
Vascular injury is an acute inflammation that includes, vasodilation, increased capillary
permeability, and WBC adherence to inner vessel walls and their migration through vessel walls.
S/S/: redness, heat, swelling, and pain
Neutrophils are the predominant phagocytes in the early inflammatory site, arriving within 6 to
12 hours after the initial injury, where they ingest (phagocytose) bacteria, dead cells, and cellular
debris.
Another population of granulocytes is the eosinophil. Eosinophils have two specific functions:
(1) they serve as the body’s primary defense against parasites and (2) they help regulate vascular
mediators released from mast cells. The second function, regulation of mast cell–derived
inflammatory mediators, is a critical function of eosinophils.
The basophil is the least prevalent granulocyte in the blood. It is very similar to mast cells in the
content of its granules and, in addition, is an important source of the cytokine IL-4, which is a
key regulator of the adaptive immune response. Although often associated with allergies and
asthma, its primary role is yet unknown.
The monocyte/macrophage is the predominant phagocyte in the late inflammatory response, is
highly phagocytic, is responsive to cytokines, and promotes wound healing.
Which statement is true regarding generation of clonal diversity? It occurs in primary lymphoid
organs
