GNUR 297 Vitamin Study Guide Chart
Vitamins Role Function Deficiencies Toxicity Sources Other
Beriberi
Coenzyme in energy metabolism Wet – manifests as edema, affecting cardiac Whole or enriched Sensitive to heat but stable when frozen
(carbohydrates) functioning grains and flours,
Thiamin (B1) Coenzymes Dry – no fluid overload; affects nervous system; Non-Toxic
lean pork,
paralysis and muscle wasting Lost during processing and added back in at end
Converts pyruvate to acetyl-CoA for TCA legumes, seeds,
Excess thiamin is nuts, meat
cycle excreted in urine Commonly occurs in alcoholics
Wernicke-Korsakoff - Syndrome – mental
confusion and disorientation
Role in nerve function
Heart failure
Anorexia/muscle wasting or weakness
Tachycardia
Peripheral neuropathy
Cheilosis – fissuring of the lips Very light sensitive
Riboflavin Coenzymes Coenzyme in energy metabolism Non-Toxic Milk products,
(carbohydrates, acids, and fats) Glossitis - Inflammation of mouth & tongue whole and Lost in cooking but stable to heat
(B2)
enriched grains,
Supports antioxidants Dermatitis green leafy Higher intake required during pregnancy and
vegetables, dairy, lactation, wound healing, and childhood
meats, fish, Riboflavin deficiency may affect niacin
Sensitivity to sun poultry, eggs
Pellagra (diarrhea, dermatitis, dementia) + death Can be synthesized from tryptophan
Niacin (B3) Coenzymes Coenzyme in energy metabolism and a UL 35 mg NE/day Protein-containing
role in energy production Initially present w/weakness, muscle wasting, foods: meats, Used therapeutically for cholesterol mgmt.
anorexia Symptoms: vasodilation poultry, fish,
Critical for glycolysis and the TCA cycle for and flushing (red face) peanuts, whole Stable to heat
ATP production Dermatological changes are most prominent and enriched
followed by GI inflammation grains
Therapeutic doses must Diets adequate in protein tend to be adequate in
guard against liver niacin
Advanced deficiency effects CNS – dementia and damage and gout
death if not fixed Lost during wheat flour refinement and added
back in
Coenzyme in:
Metabolism of proteins and aa Rare but may be caused by prolonged use of Megadose Whole grains and Higher doses may be used to treat nausea in
Vitamin B6 Coenzymes
Release of glycogen to glucose certain meds or alongside other B vitamin supplementation may cereals, legumes, pregnancy, carpel tunnel syndrome, PMS
Conversion of tryptophan to niacin deficiencies lead to irreversible chicken, fish, pork, symptoms
*Pyridoxine Synthesis of neurotransmitters nerve damage, ataxia and eggs
S/S – weakness, poor growth, dermatitis, altered Some medications require a B6 supplement
Synthesis of hemoglobin and WBC nerve function, convulsions, microcytic anemia
Sometimes prescribed to relieve PMS symptoms
Homocysteine metabolism Drugs affect the bioavailability – oral but not enough adequate data to support this
contraceptives, isoniazid, cycloserine
Required for converting tryptophan to
niacin
Absorption – requires intrinsic factor from
Coenzymes Needed for normal folate function (DNA Pernicious anemia Non-toxic ONLY animal stomach mucosa & stomach acid; occurs in last
Cobalamin part of small intestine
and RBC synthesis) derived foods:
(B12)
Megaloblastic anemia meat, eggs, dairy,
*cyanocobalami fish Absorption disruption: older adults at risk
, Nerve degeneration and paralysis people
Maintains myelin sheath around nerves
Symptoms take years to manifest; sometimes Average intake exceeds RDA
may not arise until so severe that they’re Vegans MUST supplement
irreversible
Vitamins Role Function Deficiencies Toxicity Sources Other
Sensitive to heat, oxidation, ultraviolet light,
processing
Folate Coenzyme Coenzyme in synthesis of aa, DNA, RNA Megaloblastic anemia – large RBCs cannot carry Excess may mask B12 Leafy green
oxygen properly deficiency vegetables,
Blood Health Needed for normal RBC & WBC synthesis legumes, orange Bioavailability in foods varies
Can contribute to neural tube defects – spina Excess may mask juice, fortified
bifida and anencephaly pernicious anemia cereal grains, Intake higher for pregnant or lactating women –
Homocysteine metabolism spinach, prenatal vitamins are necessary
asparagus, broccoli
Plays a role in cell division Certain drug-nutrient interactions
Major vitamin lost in processing
Glossitis – bright red tongue REQUIRED by USDA to fortify foods w/folate
Forms the heme portion of hemoglobin
Diarrhea Drug interactions – oral contraceptives,
Role in proper formation of fetal neural anticonvulsants, anti-inflammatory drugs,
tubes Depression
Anxiety chemotherapy, aspirin, antacids
Irritability
Absent-mindedness B12 MUST be available for Folate to be used
Those at risk: infection, cancer, burns, blood Vitamin C protects from oxidation
loss, GI damage, growth, pregnancy
Biotin Coenzyme Plays a role in carbohydrate, protein and RARE No Known Toxicity Liver, peanuts, egg Bacteria synthesize biotin in the gut but it MUST
fat metabolism; assists in transfer of CO2 yolks, yeast, and a be consumed from foods
Deficiency: produced by avidin and long-term few veggies
antibiotic use Antibiotics are known to reduce biotin bacteria
Pantothenic Coenzyme Component of coenzyme A which plays a DOES NOT OCCUR RARE Widespread in
role in carbohydrate, protein, and fat High doses may produce foods – cereals,
Acid
metabolism diarrhea or water legumes, meat
retention
Choline Coenzyme Synthesis of acetylcholine (a RARE Sweating, fishy body Milk, eggs, peanuts The body can make choline but NOT enough
neurotransmitter) odor, vomiting, liver
Synthesis of lecithin (phospholipid) damage, reduced
growth, hypotension
Primary deficiency is RARE Vegetable oils and Raises clotting time
Antioxidants Antioxidant Secondary deficiency occurs in premature Inhibits vitamin K margarine are best
Vitamin E infants and in people who are unable to absorb sources; whole
Resides on cell membranes to protect metabolism
their integrity (lungs, RBCs) fat normally. (cystic fibrosis) grains, seeds, nuts,
Protects double bonds in unsaturated fats Breakdown of cell membranes wheat germ, and
Hemolysis of red blood cells - anemia Exacerbate green leafy
Nerve degeneration anticoagulant effect of vegetables
Vitamins Role Function Deficiencies Toxicity Sources Other
Beriberi
Coenzyme in energy metabolism Wet – manifests as edema, affecting cardiac Whole or enriched Sensitive to heat but stable when frozen
(carbohydrates) functioning grains and flours,
Thiamin (B1) Coenzymes Dry – no fluid overload; affects nervous system; Non-Toxic
lean pork,
paralysis and muscle wasting Lost during processing and added back in at end
Converts pyruvate to acetyl-CoA for TCA legumes, seeds,
Excess thiamin is nuts, meat
cycle excreted in urine Commonly occurs in alcoholics
Wernicke-Korsakoff - Syndrome – mental
confusion and disorientation
Role in nerve function
Heart failure
Anorexia/muscle wasting or weakness
Tachycardia
Peripheral neuropathy
Cheilosis – fissuring of the lips Very light sensitive
Riboflavin Coenzymes Coenzyme in energy metabolism Non-Toxic Milk products,
(carbohydrates, acids, and fats) Glossitis - Inflammation of mouth & tongue whole and Lost in cooking but stable to heat
(B2)
enriched grains,
Supports antioxidants Dermatitis green leafy Higher intake required during pregnancy and
vegetables, dairy, lactation, wound healing, and childhood
meats, fish, Riboflavin deficiency may affect niacin
Sensitivity to sun poultry, eggs
Pellagra (diarrhea, dermatitis, dementia) + death Can be synthesized from tryptophan
Niacin (B3) Coenzymes Coenzyme in energy metabolism and a UL 35 mg NE/day Protein-containing
role in energy production Initially present w/weakness, muscle wasting, foods: meats, Used therapeutically for cholesterol mgmt.
anorexia Symptoms: vasodilation poultry, fish,
Critical for glycolysis and the TCA cycle for and flushing (red face) peanuts, whole Stable to heat
ATP production Dermatological changes are most prominent and enriched
followed by GI inflammation grains
Therapeutic doses must Diets adequate in protein tend to be adequate in
guard against liver niacin
Advanced deficiency effects CNS – dementia and damage and gout
death if not fixed Lost during wheat flour refinement and added
back in
Coenzyme in:
Metabolism of proteins and aa Rare but may be caused by prolonged use of Megadose Whole grains and Higher doses may be used to treat nausea in
Vitamin B6 Coenzymes
Release of glycogen to glucose certain meds or alongside other B vitamin supplementation may cereals, legumes, pregnancy, carpel tunnel syndrome, PMS
Conversion of tryptophan to niacin deficiencies lead to irreversible chicken, fish, pork, symptoms
*Pyridoxine Synthesis of neurotransmitters nerve damage, ataxia and eggs
S/S – weakness, poor growth, dermatitis, altered Some medications require a B6 supplement
Synthesis of hemoglobin and WBC nerve function, convulsions, microcytic anemia
Sometimes prescribed to relieve PMS symptoms
Homocysteine metabolism Drugs affect the bioavailability – oral but not enough adequate data to support this
contraceptives, isoniazid, cycloserine
Required for converting tryptophan to
niacin
Absorption – requires intrinsic factor from
Coenzymes Needed for normal folate function (DNA Pernicious anemia Non-toxic ONLY animal stomach mucosa & stomach acid; occurs in last
Cobalamin part of small intestine
and RBC synthesis) derived foods:
(B12)
Megaloblastic anemia meat, eggs, dairy,
*cyanocobalami fish Absorption disruption: older adults at risk
, Nerve degeneration and paralysis people
Maintains myelin sheath around nerves
Symptoms take years to manifest; sometimes Average intake exceeds RDA
may not arise until so severe that they’re Vegans MUST supplement
irreversible
Vitamins Role Function Deficiencies Toxicity Sources Other
Sensitive to heat, oxidation, ultraviolet light,
processing
Folate Coenzyme Coenzyme in synthesis of aa, DNA, RNA Megaloblastic anemia – large RBCs cannot carry Excess may mask B12 Leafy green
oxygen properly deficiency vegetables,
Blood Health Needed for normal RBC & WBC synthesis legumes, orange Bioavailability in foods varies
Can contribute to neural tube defects – spina Excess may mask juice, fortified
bifida and anencephaly pernicious anemia cereal grains, Intake higher for pregnant or lactating women –
Homocysteine metabolism spinach, prenatal vitamins are necessary
asparagus, broccoli
Plays a role in cell division Certain drug-nutrient interactions
Major vitamin lost in processing
Glossitis – bright red tongue REQUIRED by USDA to fortify foods w/folate
Forms the heme portion of hemoglobin
Diarrhea Drug interactions – oral contraceptives,
Role in proper formation of fetal neural anticonvulsants, anti-inflammatory drugs,
tubes Depression
Anxiety chemotherapy, aspirin, antacids
Irritability
Absent-mindedness B12 MUST be available for Folate to be used
Those at risk: infection, cancer, burns, blood Vitamin C protects from oxidation
loss, GI damage, growth, pregnancy
Biotin Coenzyme Plays a role in carbohydrate, protein and RARE No Known Toxicity Liver, peanuts, egg Bacteria synthesize biotin in the gut but it MUST
fat metabolism; assists in transfer of CO2 yolks, yeast, and a be consumed from foods
Deficiency: produced by avidin and long-term few veggies
antibiotic use Antibiotics are known to reduce biotin bacteria
Pantothenic Coenzyme Component of coenzyme A which plays a DOES NOT OCCUR RARE Widespread in
role in carbohydrate, protein, and fat High doses may produce foods – cereals,
Acid
metabolism diarrhea or water legumes, meat
retention
Choline Coenzyme Synthesis of acetylcholine (a RARE Sweating, fishy body Milk, eggs, peanuts The body can make choline but NOT enough
neurotransmitter) odor, vomiting, liver
Synthesis of lecithin (phospholipid) damage, reduced
growth, hypotension
Primary deficiency is RARE Vegetable oils and Raises clotting time
Antioxidants Antioxidant Secondary deficiency occurs in premature Inhibits vitamin K margarine are best
Vitamin E infants and in people who are unable to absorb sources; whole
Resides on cell membranes to protect metabolism
their integrity (lungs, RBCs) fat normally. (cystic fibrosis) grains, seeds, nuts,
Protects double bonds in unsaturated fats Breakdown of cell membranes wheat germ, and
Hemolysis of red blood cells - anemia Exacerbate green leafy
Nerve degeneration anticoagulant effect of vegetables
