ATI TEAS Notes – General Anatomy & Physiology of a Human.
- Lowest hierarchy is at the organelles within a cell
- Cells with the same functions collected into larger groups -> tissues
- Tissues are collected into organs which carry out a single task
- Organs work together in organ systems that perform large-scale functions
Cell Parts
- Organelles -> cell parts that function within a cell
o Coordinate with other organelles to perform a cell’s basic functions
- Ribosomes -> carry out protein synthesis
- Golgi Apparatus -> modifies & packages proteins secreted from a cell
- Mitochondria -> convert energy present in chemical bonds of food accessible to the cell
- Nucleus -> stores & processes instructions contained in the DNA that tell the cell what its
functions are
Cells
- Smallest living unit of life
- In humans, some cells function autonomously; ex. Phagocytic white blood cells
- Cells highly specialized to perform a specific function
Organs
- Structures composed of several types of tissues & perform one or more functions
Organ Systems
- Functional units composed of several organs
- Functions include: digestion of food, circulation of nutrients, removal of wastes, &
reproduction
,Vocab:
- Anatomical Position: standard positioning of the body as standing; feet together; arms to
the side; with head, eyes, and palms of hands forward
- Cells: the basic structural unit of an organism from which living things are created
- Cellular functions: Processes that include growth, metabolism, replication, protein
synthesis, and movement
- Directional Terminology: Words used to explain relationships of locations of anatomical
elements
- Organelle: a specialized part of a cell that has a specific function
- Organ: a self-contained part of an organism that performs a specific function
- Reference planes: Planes dividing the body to describe locations: sagittal, transverse, and
coronal
- Tissue: a group of cells with similar structure that function together as a unit, but at a
lower level than organs
- Superior: Toward the head/upper part of a structure (bird’s-eye view, looking down)
- Inferior: Away from the head/lower part of a structure (bottom view, looking up)
- Lateral- Farther from midline
, - Medial- Nearer to midline
- Superficial- Close to the surface of the body.
- Deep- Away from the surface of the body
- Proximal- Nearer to the origination of a structure.
- Distal- Farther from the origination of a structure.
- Anterior- At or near the front of the body
- Posterior- At or near the back of the body
- Prone- Patient laying on their belly, arms that the side.
- Supine- Patient laying on their back, arms that the side.
Circulatory System – Khan Academy
Jobs of the heart:
- Systemic flow (entire body)
- Pulmonary Flow (blood to & from the
lungs)
Coronary blood vessels
- Serving the heart muscle itself
- Serve the needs of cells
- Fall under the category of systemic
flow
Vein = blood going towards the heart
Artery = blood going away from the heart
, Valves in the heart are there to keep blood
moving in the right direction
Pulmonary = lungs
*bicuspid valve also known as the MITRAL
valve
Pulmonary Circulation
- Relying on the right ventricle as the pump
- Deoxygenated blood
Systemic Ventricle
- Relying on the left ventricle as the pump
- Deliver all the blood to the various organs; organs then use up oxygen
Red Blood Cell
- Has no mitochondria, so it is not really using oxygen
- No nucleus
- Made for the purpose of carrying around oxygen
- Lowest hierarchy is at the organelles within a cell
- Cells with the same functions collected into larger groups -> tissues
- Tissues are collected into organs which carry out a single task
- Organs work together in organ systems that perform large-scale functions
Cell Parts
- Organelles -> cell parts that function within a cell
o Coordinate with other organelles to perform a cell’s basic functions
- Ribosomes -> carry out protein synthesis
- Golgi Apparatus -> modifies & packages proteins secreted from a cell
- Mitochondria -> convert energy present in chemical bonds of food accessible to the cell
- Nucleus -> stores & processes instructions contained in the DNA that tell the cell what its
functions are
Cells
- Smallest living unit of life
- In humans, some cells function autonomously; ex. Phagocytic white blood cells
- Cells highly specialized to perform a specific function
Organs
- Structures composed of several types of tissues & perform one or more functions
Organ Systems
- Functional units composed of several organs
- Functions include: digestion of food, circulation of nutrients, removal of wastes, &
reproduction
,Vocab:
- Anatomical Position: standard positioning of the body as standing; feet together; arms to
the side; with head, eyes, and palms of hands forward
- Cells: the basic structural unit of an organism from which living things are created
- Cellular functions: Processes that include growth, metabolism, replication, protein
synthesis, and movement
- Directional Terminology: Words used to explain relationships of locations of anatomical
elements
- Organelle: a specialized part of a cell that has a specific function
- Organ: a self-contained part of an organism that performs a specific function
- Reference planes: Planes dividing the body to describe locations: sagittal, transverse, and
coronal
- Tissue: a group of cells with similar structure that function together as a unit, but at a
lower level than organs
- Superior: Toward the head/upper part of a structure (bird’s-eye view, looking down)
- Inferior: Away from the head/lower part of a structure (bottom view, looking up)
- Lateral- Farther from midline
, - Medial- Nearer to midline
- Superficial- Close to the surface of the body.
- Deep- Away from the surface of the body
- Proximal- Nearer to the origination of a structure.
- Distal- Farther from the origination of a structure.
- Anterior- At or near the front of the body
- Posterior- At or near the back of the body
- Prone- Patient laying on their belly, arms that the side.
- Supine- Patient laying on their back, arms that the side.
Circulatory System – Khan Academy
Jobs of the heart:
- Systemic flow (entire body)
- Pulmonary Flow (blood to & from the
lungs)
Coronary blood vessels
- Serving the heart muscle itself
- Serve the needs of cells
- Fall under the category of systemic
flow
Vein = blood going towards the heart
Artery = blood going away from the heart
, Valves in the heart are there to keep blood
moving in the right direction
Pulmonary = lungs
*bicuspid valve also known as the MITRAL
valve
Pulmonary Circulation
- Relying on the right ventricle as the pump
- Deoxygenated blood
Systemic Ventricle
- Relying on the left ventricle as the pump
- Deliver all the blood to the various organs; organs then use up oxygen
Red Blood Cell
- Has no mitochondria, so it is not really using oxygen
- No nucleus
- Made for the purpose of carrying around oxygen
