Organic Chemistry
Chapter 10
Why Is Carbon So Unique? Bonding of Carbon with Other
The electron distribution of Carbon Elements
C- in ground state has 6 electrons & C- W/e C bonds w/ highly EN elements
can make 2-covalent bonds. (O, N, halogens ,𝐹2 , 𝐵𝑟2 , 𝐼2 = weak polar
covalent bonds form.
W/e these elements = bonded 2 C it
creates reactive centre’s on molecules
w/h reactions will take place.
New molecules = hydro carbon
derivatives.
C- in excited state. Properties of Organic
Compound
All compounds always form C or CO2
when it breaks down.
Organic compounds are classified into
groups called Homologous series (a
family of compounds that have same
general formula & same functional
Orbital hybridisation = energy of s group)
and p-orbitals mix 2 form FOUR new Large # of compounds exists due 2
sp3 – hybridized orbitals. presence of structural isomers
C-bonds With Itself (compounds that have same molecular
formula but diff structures)
▪ Single ▪ Double
Reactions are non stochiometric due 2
formation of diff compounds during
reaction.
Reactions = slow due 2 breaking of
▪ Triple
strong covalent bonds.
This leads to Catenation = linkage of Representing Organic
same element 2 itself 2 form longer Compounds
chain like compounds. ▪ Molecular formula = shows # of
Interaction Between Carbon & atoms bonded in compound. E.g.
C4H8
Hydrogen ▪ Structural formula = shows all
C & H hv similar electronegativities = bonds found btw diff atoms e.g.
leads 2 formation of STRONG single
C-H bonds.
These bonds are non polar covalent
Resp 4 huge # of compounds known as
HYDROCARBONS = consist only of
carbon & hydrogen.
, ▪ Semi condensed formula = shows all bonds except C-H bonds e.g.
▪ Condensed formula = shows no bonds btw C & H atoms. Side chains are
indicated in brackets. e.g.
CH3CHCHCH3
▪ Skeletal formula = show carbon skeleton. No C/H atoms indicated but all oth
atoms as well as functional groups are indicated. Eg.
Classifying Organic Molecules
Classified based on functional group in molecule.
Functional group = group of atoms found in molecule that identifies molecule &
determines chemical reactivity of molecule.
The most basic organic group is the ALKANES = carbon atoms only bonded w/
single bonds 2 oth carbons &/ hydrogen atoms.
ADDITIONAL
Ether
Chapter 10
Why Is Carbon So Unique? Bonding of Carbon with Other
The electron distribution of Carbon Elements
C- in ground state has 6 electrons & C- W/e C bonds w/ highly EN elements
can make 2-covalent bonds. (O, N, halogens ,𝐹2 , 𝐵𝑟2 , 𝐼2 = weak polar
covalent bonds form.
W/e these elements = bonded 2 C it
creates reactive centre’s on molecules
w/h reactions will take place.
New molecules = hydro carbon
derivatives.
C- in excited state. Properties of Organic
Compound
All compounds always form C or CO2
when it breaks down.
Organic compounds are classified into
groups called Homologous series (a
family of compounds that have same
general formula & same functional
Orbital hybridisation = energy of s group)
and p-orbitals mix 2 form FOUR new Large # of compounds exists due 2
sp3 – hybridized orbitals. presence of structural isomers
C-bonds With Itself (compounds that have same molecular
formula but diff structures)
▪ Single ▪ Double
Reactions are non stochiometric due 2
formation of diff compounds during
reaction.
Reactions = slow due 2 breaking of
▪ Triple
strong covalent bonds.
This leads to Catenation = linkage of Representing Organic
same element 2 itself 2 form longer Compounds
chain like compounds. ▪ Molecular formula = shows # of
Interaction Between Carbon & atoms bonded in compound. E.g.
C4H8
Hydrogen ▪ Structural formula = shows all
C & H hv similar electronegativities = bonds found btw diff atoms e.g.
leads 2 formation of STRONG single
C-H bonds.
These bonds are non polar covalent
Resp 4 huge # of compounds known as
HYDROCARBONS = consist only of
carbon & hydrogen.
, ▪ Semi condensed formula = shows all bonds except C-H bonds e.g.
▪ Condensed formula = shows no bonds btw C & H atoms. Side chains are
indicated in brackets. e.g.
CH3CHCHCH3
▪ Skeletal formula = show carbon skeleton. No C/H atoms indicated but all oth
atoms as well as functional groups are indicated. Eg.
Classifying Organic Molecules
Classified based on functional group in molecule.
Functional group = group of atoms found in molecule that identifies molecule &
determines chemical reactivity of molecule.
The most basic organic group is the ALKANES = carbon atoms only bonded w/
single bonds 2 oth carbons &/ hydrogen atoms.
ADDITIONAL
Ether
