Organisational
Effectiveness
III
PSYC3023
University of Witwatersrand
2021
,Table of Contents
What is organisational effectiveness?................................................................................4
What is an organisation?...................................................................................................4
Effectiveness dependent on organisational type.................................................................5
Measures of organizational effectiveness...........................................................................5
Dimensions driving organisational effectiveness................................................................6
Achieving organisational effectiveness...............................................................................6
Quinn and Rohrbaugh’s (1983) competing values model....................................................6
Triple Bottom Line (Elkington, 1998)...................................................................................7
Historical approaches to achieving organisational effectiveness........................................8
What does organisational effectiveness mean for I/O psychology?....................................9
Person-environment (P-E) fit..............................................................................................9
P-E fit models.....................................................................................................................9
Job-demand-control theory..............................................................................................12
Job-Demands-Resources model........................................................................................13
Defining job analysis........................................................................................................13
Why perform a job analysis?............................................................................................13
Approaches to job analysis...............................................................................................14
Job analysis techniques: interviews..................................................................................14
Job analysis techniques: questionnaires...........................................................................15
Job analysis techniques: direct observation......................................................................15
Job analysis techniques: systematic activity logs..............................................................16
Job analysis techniques: critical incident technique..........................................................16
Job analysis: what gets analysed?....................................................................................16
What does it mean to design a job?.................................................................................16
Job simplification.............................................................................................................17
Job enlargement..............................................................................................................17
Job enrichment.................................................................................................................17
Job rotation......................................................................................................................17
What does job design change?.........................................................................................18
Theoretical perspectives on job design.............................................................................18
Early extensions to JCM: Campion and Berger (1990).......................................................19
More recent extensions of JCM.........................................................................................19
,Parker and Wall’s (1998) extended JCM...........................................................................19
Parker and Wall (1998): work characteristics...................................................................19
Parker and Wall (1998): outcomes...................................................................................20
Parker and Wall (1998): The “how” mechanisms..............................................................20
Parker et al (2001): antecedents.......................................................................................21
Other job design techniques.............................................................................................21
Critique of job design models and theories.......................................................................21
Changes to the world of work since mic 20th century........................................................22
Recruitment.....................................................................................................................22
Recruitment continued.....................................................................................................22
Selection techniques.........................................................................................................22
Outcome decision and feedback on selection techniques..................................................24
Choosing a selection technique........................................................................................25
Key outcomes on selection techniques (outcome decision and feedback)..........................25
Alternate work scheduling...............................................................................................25
Job-sharing.................................................................................................................................25
Flexitime.....................................................................................................................................25
Part-time....................................................................................................................................26
Telecommuting/Flexi-place........................................................................................................26
Advantages of Alternate Work Scheduling.......................................................................26
Disadvantages of Alternate Work Scheduling...................................................................26
Shift-work...................................................................................................................................27
Considerations for Shift-work.......................................................................................................................27
Biological adaption.......................................................................................................................................27
Social impact on shiftwork..........................................................................................................28
Emergent forms if employment contracts.........................................................................28
Precarious work..........................................................................................................................28
Compressed work schedules........................................................................................................................28
Precarious work prevention.......................................................................................................29
Irregular work hours...................................................................................................................29
Irregular work hours prevention.................................................................................................29
Short history of sociotechnical systems.............................................................................30
Definition of ergonomics..................................................................................................31
Three human dimensions.................................................................................................31
Human-machine systems.................................................................................................32
, Functional allocation of tasks (Chapanis, 1965)................................................................32
Displays...........................................................................................................................32
Visual vs Auditory displays...............................................................................................33
Controls...........................................................................................................................33
Compatibilities.................................................................................................................33
“Good” interface design principles...................................................................................34
Workspace design............................................................................................................34
Workspace design principles............................................................................................34
Workplace layout.............................................................................................................35
How the nature of work has changed (Diagrams).............................................................35
Environment design.........................................................................................................39
Environment design types................................................................................................39
Daylight...........................................................................................................................40
Shading............................................................................................................................40
Ventilation.......................................................................................................................40
Materials.........................................................................................................................40
External views..................................................................................................................40
Green buildings................................................................................................................41
Claiming green buildings are good occupants...................................................................41
What is a human performance appraisal system?............................................................42
Sources of performance data............................................................................................42
Types of appraisals...........................................................................................................42
Focus within the appraisal................................................................................................42
Content recommendations...............................................................................................43
Evaluation of sources of performance data......................................................................43
Methods of appraisal.......................................................................................................43
Psychological biases in appraising performance...............................................................43
Psychological effects in the evalution of behaviour...........................................................44
Improving appraisal of performance................................................................................44
Performance feedback.....................................................................................................44
Locke & Latham’s (2002) goal-setting model....................................................................45
Goal setting......................................................................................................................45
Performance management interventions.........................................................................45
Training and development...............................................................................................46
Effectiveness
III
PSYC3023
University of Witwatersrand
2021
,Table of Contents
What is organisational effectiveness?................................................................................4
What is an organisation?...................................................................................................4
Effectiveness dependent on organisational type.................................................................5
Measures of organizational effectiveness...........................................................................5
Dimensions driving organisational effectiveness................................................................6
Achieving organisational effectiveness...............................................................................6
Quinn and Rohrbaugh’s (1983) competing values model....................................................6
Triple Bottom Line (Elkington, 1998)...................................................................................7
Historical approaches to achieving organisational effectiveness........................................8
What does organisational effectiveness mean for I/O psychology?....................................9
Person-environment (P-E) fit..............................................................................................9
P-E fit models.....................................................................................................................9
Job-demand-control theory..............................................................................................12
Job-Demands-Resources model........................................................................................13
Defining job analysis........................................................................................................13
Why perform a job analysis?............................................................................................13
Approaches to job analysis...............................................................................................14
Job analysis techniques: interviews..................................................................................14
Job analysis techniques: questionnaires...........................................................................15
Job analysis techniques: direct observation......................................................................15
Job analysis techniques: systematic activity logs..............................................................16
Job analysis techniques: critical incident technique..........................................................16
Job analysis: what gets analysed?....................................................................................16
What does it mean to design a job?.................................................................................16
Job simplification.............................................................................................................17
Job enlargement..............................................................................................................17
Job enrichment.................................................................................................................17
Job rotation......................................................................................................................17
What does job design change?.........................................................................................18
Theoretical perspectives on job design.............................................................................18
Early extensions to JCM: Campion and Berger (1990).......................................................19
More recent extensions of JCM.........................................................................................19
,Parker and Wall’s (1998) extended JCM...........................................................................19
Parker and Wall (1998): work characteristics...................................................................19
Parker and Wall (1998): outcomes...................................................................................20
Parker and Wall (1998): The “how” mechanisms..............................................................20
Parker et al (2001): antecedents.......................................................................................21
Other job design techniques.............................................................................................21
Critique of job design models and theories.......................................................................21
Changes to the world of work since mic 20th century........................................................22
Recruitment.....................................................................................................................22
Recruitment continued.....................................................................................................22
Selection techniques.........................................................................................................22
Outcome decision and feedback on selection techniques..................................................24
Choosing a selection technique........................................................................................25
Key outcomes on selection techniques (outcome decision and feedback)..........................25
Alternate work scheduling...............................................................................................25
Job-sharing.................................................................................................................................25
Flexitime.....................................................................................................................................25
Part-time....................................................................................................................................26
Telecommuting/Flexi-place........................................................................................................26
Advantages of Alternate Work Scheduling.......................................................................26
Disadvantages of Alternate Work Scheduling...................................................................26
Shift-work...................................................................................................................................27
Considerations for Shift-work.......................................................................................................................27
Biological adaption.......................................................................................................................................27
Social impact on shiftwork..........................................................................................................28
Emergent forms if employment contracts.........................................................................28
Precarious work..........................................................................................................................28
Compressed work schedules........................................................................................................................28
Precarious work prevention.......................................................................................................29
Irregular work hours...................................................................................................................29
Irregular work hours prevention.................................................................................................29
Short history of sociotechnical systems.............................................................................30
Definition of ergonomics..................................................................................................31
Three human dimensions.................................................................................................31
Human-machine systems.................................................................................................32
, Functional allocation of tasks (Chapanis, 1965)................................................................32
Displays...........................................................................................................................32
Visual vs Auditory displays...............................................................................................33
Controls...........................................................................................................................33
Compatibilities.................................................................................................................33
“Good” interface design principles...................................................................................34
Workspace design............................................................................................................34
Workspace design principles............................................................................................34
Workplace layout.............................................................................................................35
How the nature of work has changed (Diagrams).............................................................35
Environment design.........................................................................................................39
Environment design types................................................................................................39
Daylight...........................................................................................................................40
Shading............................................................................................................................40
Ventilation.......................................................................................................................40
Materials.........................................................................................................................40
External views..................................................................................................................40
Green buildings................................................................................................................41
Claiming green buildings are good occupants...................................................................41
What is a human performance appraisal system?............................................................42
Sources of performance data............................................................................................42
Types of appraisals...........................................................................................................42
Focus within the appraisal................................................................................................42
Content recommendations...............................................................................................43
Evaluation of sources of performance data......................................................................43
Methods of appraisal.......................................................................................................43
Psychological biases in appraising performance...............................................................43
Psychological effects in the evalution of behaviour...........................................................44
Improving appraisal of performance................................................................................44
Performance feedback.....................................................................................................44
Locke & Latham’s (2002) goal-setting model....................................................................45
Goal setting......................................................................................................................45
Performance management interventions.........................................................................45
Training and development...............................................................................................46
