Onderzoeksmethoden en -paper
1
Academiejaar 2021-2022
,Table of Contents
Introductie......................................................................................................................... 6
3 ultieme doelstellingen ............................................................................................................. 6
EVALUATIE..................................................................................................................................................... 6
Scientific Research (CH2) ................................................................................................... 6
Het ruimer plaatje – filosofie ...................................................................................................... 6
Positivisme .................................................................................................................................................... 6
Constructivisme ............................................................................................................................................ 7
Kritisch realisme ............................................................................................................................................ 7
Pragmatisme ................................................................................................................................................. 7
Theorie-ontwikkeling ................................................................................................................. 7
Kenmerken van wetenschappelijk onderzoek............................................................................. 7
Hypothetico-deductieve methode .............................................................................................. 8
Introduction to business research (CH1) ............................................................................. 8
Wat is onderzoek?...................................................................................................................... 8
Wat is business research? .......................................................................................................... 8
Voorbeelden van onderzoeksvragen ............................................................................................................ 8
Toegepast vs fundamenteel onderzoek ...................................................................................... 8
Toegepast ...................................................................................................................................................... 8
Fundamenteel ............................................................................................................................................... 8
Case study – Toegepast vs fundamenteel onderzoek ................................................................................... 9
Ethiek en business research........................................................................................................ 9
Research process ............................................................................................................... 9
Van onderwerp naar masterproef .............................................................................................. 9
Overzicht cursus – het onderzoeksproces ................................................................................... 9
Problem statement (CH4) ................................................................................................ 10
Richting een probleemstelling ...................................................................................................10
Managementprobleem (2 type problemen) ............................................................................................... 10
Verzamelen van initiële informatie ............................................................................................................. 10
Definieër het onderzoeksprobleem ............................................................................................................ 10
Case study – Employee loyalty .................................................................................................................... 10
Onderzoeksvragen ....................................................................................................................10
Voorbeeld onderzoeksvraag en deelvragen................................................................................................ 11
Statement check ......................................................................................................................................... 11
Kritische litertuurstudie (CH5) .......................................................................................... 12
Courant gebruik van literatuur in je onderzoek .........................................................................12
Kritische literatuurstudie...........................................................................................................12
Functies van literatuurstudie .....................................................................................................12
2
Academiejaar 2021-2022
, Proces van de kritische literatuurstudie.....................................................................................12
Definiëren parameters ................................................................................................................................ 12
Stappen.....................................................................................................................................12
1. Literatuur verzamelen ...........................................................................................................13
Types literatuur ........................................................................................................................................... 13
Zoektermen ..............................................................................................................................13
2. Literatuur evalueren ..............................................................................................................13
Structuur van een wetenschappelijk artikel................................................................................................ 13
Literatuur evalueren – relevantie ............................................................................................................... 13
Literatuur evalueren – kwaliteit .................................................................................................................. 14
Wanneer heb je voldoende literatuur verzameld? ..................................................................................... 14
3. Literatuur structureren ..........................................................................................................14
Literatuur verwerken .................................................................................................................................. 14
4. Literatuur uitschrijven ...........................................................................................................14
Plagiaat ........................................................................................................................................................ 14
Concept statement check ........................................................................................................................... 14
Theoretisch raamwerk en ontwikkelen van hypotheses (CH6) .......................................... 14
Theoretisch raamwerk ..............................................................................................................15
1. Variabelen ............................................................................................................................................... 15
2. Types variabelen (Check slides) .............................................................................................15
A. Afhankelijke variabele............................................................................................................................. 15
B. Onafhankelijke variabele ........................................................................................................................ 15
C. Modererende variabele of interactie variabele ...................................................................................... 15
D. Mediërende variabele of interveniërende variabele .............................................................................. 15
Voorbeeld mediërende variabele ............................................................................................................... 15
E. Controle variabelen ................................................................................................................................. 15
Ontwikkeling van hypotheses....................................................................................................15
Case study in les .......................................................................................................................................... 16
Case study in les .......................................................................................................................................... 16
Wooclap ...................................................................................................................................................... 16
Elementen uit het onderzoeksopzet (CH7) ........................................................................ 18
Elementen uit het onderzoeksopzet ..........................................................................................18
A. Onderzoekstrategie ............................................................................................................................ 18
B. Mate van interferentie van de onderzoeker ...................................................................................... 19
C. Setting van de studie .......................................................................................................................... 19
D. Analyse-eenheid ................................................................................................................................. 19
E. Tijdshorizon ........................................................................................................................................ 19
Case binnen de les ...................................................................................................................................... 20
Interviews (CH8) .............................................................................................................. 21
A. Bronnen van data ............................................................................................................................... 21
Maatregelen om het risico op bias te verminderen ...................................................................22
Aandachtspunten bij het nemen van een interview...................................................................22
Type interviews- aantal deelnemers + modus............................................................................23
3
Academiejaar 2021-2022
, Kwantitatieve data-analyse (Ch. 17) ................................................................................ 23
Datareductie – coderen (Check slides)........................................................................................................ 23
Datareductie – categoriseren...................................................................................................................... 23
Weergave van data ..................................................................................................................................... 23
Trekken en verifiëren van data ................................................................................................................... 23
Observaties (CH9) ............................................................................................................ 24
Observatie ................................................................................................................................24
Dimensies om observatiemethoden te onderscheiden ..............................................................24
Voorbeelden van observaties (Rond 25 minuten in lesopname voor video’s) ........................................... 24
Twee specifieke observatiemethoden .......................................................................................25
1. Participant observation .........................................................................................................25
Types participatie: ....................................................................................................................................... 25
Beschrijvende observatiefase ..................................................................................................................... 25
Gefocust & selectieve fase .......................................................................................................................... 25
Risico’s inzake datakwaliteit ....................................................................................................................... 25
2. Gestructureerde observatie ...................................................................................................26
Overweging mbt het codeerschema ........................................................................................................... 26
Voorbeeld.................................................................................................................................................... 26
Risico’s inzake datakwaliteit ....................................................................................................................... 26
Case study onderzoek ...................................................................................................... 27
Tweedelige definitie ..................................................................................................................27
Gebruik van case study onderzoek: ............................................................................................................ 27
Doel can case study onderzoek: .................................................................................................................. 27
Stel dat je meerdere cases hebt: hoe ga je deze selecteren? ..................................................................... 27
Methoden & instrumenten .......................................................................................................27
Analyse .....................................................................................................................................28
Meten: Operationele definitie (CH12) .............................................................................. 28
Definitie – meten ......................................................................................................................28
Operationele definitie ...............................................................................................................28
Voorbeeld.................................................................................................................................................... 28
Meten: schalen, betrouwbaarheid en validiteit (CH13) .................................................... 29
Schalen .....................................................................................................................................29
Nominaal ..................................................................................................................................29
Ordinaal ....................................................................................................................................29
Interval .....................................................................................................................................29
Ratio .........................................................................................................................................29
Vormgeven van schalen ............................................................................................................30
Rating schales.............................................................................................................................................. 30
Ranking schales ........................................................................................................................................... 30
Betrouwbaarheid en validiteit ...................................................................................................31
4
Academiejaar 2021-2022
1
Academiejaar 2021-2022
,Table of Contents
Introductie......................................................................................................................... 6
3 ultieme doelstellingen ............................................................................................................. 6
EVALUATIE..................................................................................................................................................... 6
Scientific Research (CH2) ................................................................................................... 6
Het ruimer plaatje – filosofie ...................................................................................................... 6
Positivisme .................................................................................................................................................... 6
Constructivisme ............................................................................................................................................ 7
Kritisch realisme ............................................................................................................................................ 7
Pragmatisme ................................................................................................................................................. 7
Theorie-ontwikkeling ................................................................................................................. 7
Kenmerken van wetenschappelijk onderzoek............................................................................. 7
Hypothetico-deductieve methode .............................................................................................. 8
Introduction to business research (CH1) ............................................................................. 8
Wat is onderzoek?...................................................................................................................... 8
Wat is business research? .......................................................................................................... 8
Voorbeelden van onderzoeksvragen ............................................................................................................ 8
Toegepast vs fundamenteel onderzoek ...................................................................................... 8
Toegepast ...................................................................................................................................................... 8
Fundamenteel ............................................................................................................................................... 8
Case study – Toegepast vs fundamenteel onderzoek ................................................................................... 9
Ethiek en business research........................................................................................................ 9
Research process ............................................................................................................... 9
Van onderwerp naar masterproef .............................................................................................. 9
Overzicht cursus – het onderzoeksproces ................................................................................... 9
Problem statement (CH4) ................................................................................................ 10
Richting een probleemstelling ...................................................................................................10
Managementprobleem (2 type problemen) ............................................................................................... 10
Verzamelen van initiële informatie ............................................................................................................. 10
Definieër het onderzoeksprobleem ............................................................................................................ 10
Case study – Employee loyalty .................................................................................................................... 10
Onderzoeksvragen ....................................................................................................................10
Voorbeeld onderzoeksvraag en deelvragen................................................................................................ 11
Statement check ......................................................................................................................................... 11
Kritische litertuurstudie (CH5) .......................................................................................... 12
Courant gebruik van literatuur in je onderzoek .........................................................................12
Kritische literatuurstudie...........................................................................................................12
Functies van literatuurstudie .....................................................................................................12
2
Academiejaar 2021-2022
, Proces van de kritische literatuurstudie.....................................................................................12
Definiëren parameters ................................................................................................................................ 12
Stappen.....................................................................................................................................12
1. Literatuur verzamelen ...........................................................................................................13
Types literatuur ........................................................................................................................................... 13
Zoektermen ..............................................................................................................................13
2. Literatuur evalueren ..............................................................................................................13
Structuur van een wetenschappelijk artikel................................................................................................ 13
Literatuur evalueren – relevantie ............................................................................................................... 13
Literatuur evalueren – kwaliteit .................................................................................................................. 14
Wanneer heb je voldoende literatuur verzameld? ..................................................................................... 14
3. Literatuur structureren ..........................................................................................................14
Literatuur verwerken .................................................................................................................................. 14
4. Literatuur uitschrijven ...........................................................................................................14
Plagiaat ........................................................................................................................................................ 14
Concept statement check ........................................................................................................................... 14
Theoretisch raamwerk en ontwikkelen van hypotheses (CH6) .......................................... 14
Theoretisch raamwerk ..............................................................................................................15
1. Variabelen ............................................................................................................................................... 15
2. Types variabelen (Check slides) .............................................................................................15
A. Afhankelijke variabele............................................................................................................................. 15
B. Onafhankelijke variabele ........................................................................................................................ 15
C. Modererende variabele of interactie variabele ...................................................................................... 15
D. Mediërende variabele of interveniërende variabele .............................................................................. 15
Voorbeeld mediërende variabele ............................................................................................................... 15
E. Controle variabelen ................................................................................................................................. 15
Ontwikkeling van hypotheses....................................................................................................15
Case study in les .......................................................................................................................................... 16
Case study in les .......................................................................................................................................... 16
Wooclap ...................................................................................................................................................... 16
Elementen uit het onderzoeksopzet (CH7) ........................................................................ 18
Elementen uit het onderzoeksopzet ..........................................................................................18
A. Onderzoekstrategie ............................................................................................................................ 18
B. Mate van interferentie van de onderzoeker ...................................................................................... 19
C. Setting van de studie .......................................................................................................................... 19
D. Analyse-eenheid ................................................................................................................................. 19
E. Tijdshorizon ........................................................................................................................................ 19
Case binnen de les ...................................................................................................................................... 20
Interviews (CH8) .............................................................................................................. 21
A. Bronnen van data ............................................................................................................................... 21
Maatregelen om het risico op bias te verminderen ...................................................................22
Aandachtspunten bij het nemen van een interview...................................................................22
Type interviews- aantal deelnemers + modus............................................................................23
3
Academiejaar 2021-2022
, Kwantitatieve data-analyse (Ch. 17) ................................................................................ 23
Datareductie – coderen (Check slides)........................................................................................................ 23
Datareductie – categoriseren...................................................................................................................... 23
Weergave van data ..................................................................................................................................... 23
Trekken en verifiëren van data ................................................................................................................... 23
Observaties (CH9) ............................................................................................................ 24
Observatie ................................................................................................................................24
Dimensies om observatiemethoden te onderscheiden ..............................................................24
Voorbeelden van observaties (Rond 25 minuten in lesopname voor video’s) ........................................... 24
Twee specifieke observatiemethoden .......................................................................................25
1. Participant observation .........................................................................................................25
Types participatie: ....................................................................................................................................... 25
Beschrijvende observatiefase ..................................................................................................................... 25
Gefocust & selectieve fase .......................................................................................................................... 25
Risico’s inzake datakwaliteit ....................................................................................................................... 25
2. Gestructureerde observatie ...................................................................................................26
Overweging mbt het codeerschema ........................................................................................................... 26
Voorbeeld.................................................................................................................................................... 26
Risico’s inzake datakwaliteit ....................................................................................................................... 26
Case study onderzoek ...................................................................................................... 27
Tweedelige definitie ..................................................................................................................27
Gebruik van case study onderzoek: ............................................................................................................ 27
Doel can case study onderzoek: .................................................................................................................. 27
Stel dat je meerdere cases hebt: hoe ga je deze selecteren? ..................................................................... 27
Methoden & instrumenten .......................................................................................................27
Analyse .....................................................................................................................................28
Meten: Operationele definitie (CH12) .............................................................................. 28
Definitie – meten ......................................................................................................................28
Operationele definitie ...............................................................................................................28
Voorbeeld.................................................................................................................................................... 28
Meten: schalen, betrouwbaarheid en validiteit (CH13) .................................................... 29
Schalen .....................................................................................................................................29
Nominaal ..................................................................................................................................29
Ordinaal ....................................................................................................................................29
Interval .....................................................................................................................................29
Ratio .........................................................................................................................................29
Vormgeven van schalen ............................................................................................................30
Rating schales.............................................................................................................................................. 30
Ranking schales ........................................................................................................................................... 30
Betrouwbaarheid en validiteit ...................................................................................................31
4
Academiejaar 2021-2022
