Informatica voor Bedrijfsbeleid
1
Academiejaar 2021-2022
,Table of Contents
Introductie......................................................................................................................... 6
1. Inleiding ........................................................................................................................ 6
Opportuniteiten ......................................................................................................................... 6
Risico’s ....................................................................................................................................... 6
Enkele feiten .............................................................................................................................. 6
Business/ IT alignment ............................................................................................................... 6
2. Basisbegrippen .............................................................................................................. 6
A. Begrippen - Informatiesystemen ............................................................................................ 6
Hardware ...................................................................................................................................................... 6
Software ........................................................................................................................................................ 6
Database ....................................................................................................................................................... 7
Communicatie/netwerk ................................................................................................................................ 7
Informatiesysteem ........................................................................................................................................ 7
Relevantie IS .............................................................................................................................. 7
Relevantie: hele maatschappij.................................................................................................... 7
B. Begrippen – Informatica ......................................................................................................... 7
Programmeren .............................................................................................................................................. 7
Het schrijven van een programma ................................................................................................................ 8
3. Algoritmes ..................................................................................................................... 8
Formele definitie: algoritme ......................................................................................................................... 8
Waarom zijn algoritmes nuttig? .................................................................................................................... 8
Algoritme representaties............................................................................................................ 8
Programeertaal ............................................................................................................................................. 9
Algoritme representaties in dit vak ............................................................................................................... 9
Pseudocode ................................................................................................................................................... 9
Flowcharts ..................................................................................................................................................... 9
Samengevat ............................................................................................................................... 9
3. Algoritmes Deel 2 ........................................................................................................ 10
Primitieven FC/PC .....................................................................................................................10
Oefening 2a ................................................................................................................................................. 10
3. Iteratie – herhalingsopdracht of loop ....................................................................................10
H4. Functionalities ........................................................................................................... 11
Model .......................................................................................................................................11
Conceptueel voorbeeld .............................................................................................................11
Elementen (59:00) .....................................................................................................................11
Sub-process ...............................................................................................................................11
2
Academiejaar 2021-2022
, Message flow ............................................................................................................................11
Message event ..........................................................................................................................11
Gateway....................................................................................................................................12
Exclusive gateway ....................................................................................................................................... 12
Parallel gateway .......................................................................................................................................... 13
Inclusive gateway ........................................................................................................................................ 14
H4 Functionalities – Deel 2: Process modeling .................................................................. 16
Wat is een proces? ....................................................................................................................16
Processen in management en science........................................................................................16
Procesperspectief in management ............................................................................................16
Process modeling ......................................................................................................................16
Process mining ..........................................................................................................................16
Process mining: the next steps ..................................................................................................17
BPMN Recap: elementen...........................................................................................................17
Events .......................................................................................................................................17
Time events ................................................................................................................................................. 18
Artifacts: data ...........................................................................................................................19
Annotatie ..................................................................................................................................20
Voorbeeld online bestelling ........................................................................................................................ 20
Enkele afspraken .......................................................................................................................21
H6 Databases .................................................................................................................. 21
Inleiding ....................................................................................................................................21
Deel 1 – Klassen ........................................................................................................................22
Data modelling ............................................................................................................................................ 22
Klassendiagram ........................................................................................................................................... 22
Klasse .......................................................................................................................................................... 22
Voorbeeld.................................................................................................................................................... 22
Object .......................................................................................................................................................... 22
Associatie/relatie ........................................................................................................................................ 22
Multipliciteit ................................................................................................................................................ 23
Attributen.................................................................................................................................................... 24
Verplichte en optionele attributen ............................................................................................................. 24
Associatieklasse........................................................................................................................................... 25
Meervoudige associaties ............................................................................................................................. 26
H6: Databases – Deel 2 – Databases ................................................................................ 28
Database: inleiding....................................................................................................................28
Van deel 1 naar deel 2 ...............................................................................................................28
Van klasse naar tabel ................................................................................................................28
First normal form (1NF)............................................................................................................................... 28
Keys ..........................................................................................................................................28
3
Academiejaar 2021-2022
, Primary key ...............................................................................................................................29
Tables met primary key .............................................................................................................29
Associaties mappen met multipliciteit 1 ....................................................................................30
Voorbeeld.................................................................................................................................................... 30
Associaties mappen...................................................................................................................31
Voorbeeld.................................................................................................................................................... 31
Instances ...................................................................................................................................32
Voorbeeld supervisors ................................................................................................................................ 33
H7: Monte Carlo Simulatie ............................................................................................... 34
Intuitief voorbeeld ....................................................................................................................34
Model: investment case – building project ................................................................................35
Monte Carlo Simulatie (goed kennen!) ......................................................................................35
Stappenplan gebruik MC ...........................................................................................................36
MSC: assumpties .......................................................................................................................37
Prequisite: RNG .........................................................................................................................38
Verdeling: op intuitief niveau ....................................................................................................38
Sampling op basis van RNG en de CDF .......................................................................................38
Verdeling: driehoeks .................................................................................................................39
Verdeling: normale ...................................................................................................................39
Verdeling kiezen........................................................................................................................39
Steekproefgrootte kiezen ..........................................................................................................39
H9: Data Science .............................................................................................................. 41
Waarom is dit relevant voor ons? ..............................................................................................41
Fundamentele concepten ..........................................................................................................41
Terminologie ............................................................................................................................................... 41
Toepassingen?............................................................................................................................................. 42
Data ............................................................................................................................................................. 43
Data als strategisch goed ............................................................................................................................ 43
Welke typs beslissingen kunnen we ondersteunen met data science? ...................................................... 43
Een model? ................................................................................................................................................. 43
Een model leren .......................................................................................................................................... 43
Complexe functies approximeren met neurale netwerken ........................................................................ 44
Sommige geleerde functies kunnen zeer complex zijn ............................................................................... 44
Sommige decision support systems behelzen meerdere complexe modellen ........................................... 45
Taken, methodes en toepassingen ............................................................................................45
Voorbeeld.................................................................................................................................................... 46
Variabelen ................................................................................................................................................... 47
Supervised learning ..................................................................................................................................... 47
Regressie ..................................................................................................................................................... 47
Classificatie.................................................................................................................................................. 47
Methodes .................................................................................................................................................... 48
4
Academiejaar 2021-2022
, Wat is een goed model? ............................................................................................................................. 48
Voorbeelden DS toepassingen? .................................................................................................................. 48
Van theorie naar praktijk met CRISP-DM .................................................................................................... 50
Oefening: Chrun prediction......................................................................................................................... 50
Churn prediction: business understanding ................................................................................................. 51
Belangrijke keuzes: een nieuwe kijk............................................................................................................ 52
Conclusie ..................................................................................................................................................... 53
Meer zaken om in rekening te brengen! ..................................................................................................... 53
Is data science altijd nuttig? ........................................................................................................................ 53
De meeste DS projecten falen..................................................................................................................... 54
Redenen voor het falen van DS projecten .................................................................................................. 54
Extra: a note on Deep Learning (dit is voor de geïnteresseerde, is niet belangrijk voor het examen) ....... 54
H8: Informatica in een business context ........................................................................... 55
Elk management-niveau heeft zijn eigen gespecialieerde informatiesystemen ......................................... 55
Transaction processing systems (TPS)......................................................................................................... 55
Even terzijde: data model voor een generisch transactie-patroon ............................................................. 55
Systems for business intelligence (BI) ......................................................................................................... 56
Hoe deze systemen laten samenwerken?................................................................................................... 57
Recap: wat is een proces? ........................................................................................................................... 57
Voorbeelden bedrijfsprocessen per functioneel gebied ............................................................................. 57
Voorbeeld order fulfillment process ........................................................................................................... 57
Hoe informatietechnologie bedrijfsprocessen ondersteunt ....................................................................... 58
Enterprise application ................................................................................................................................. 58
Enterprise application architecture ............................................................................................................ 58
Enterprise Resource Planning systems ....................................................................................................... 58
Supply Chain Management Systems ........................................................................................................... 59
Internet-drive Supply chain gebaseerd op netwerken ................................................................................ 59
Customer Relationship Management Systemen ......................................................................................... 60
Uitdagingen rond Enterprise applications................................................................................................... 60
5
Academiejaar 2021-2022
, HOC 1 – 7/10/2021
Introductie
50/50 schriftelijk en praktijk voor examen. Schriftelijk deel wordt overgedragen naar 2e zit.
1. Inleiding
Opportuniteiten
Als je wilt werken in business, moet je een basiskennis hebben binnen IT.
Voorbeelden van bedrijven die steunen op IT systemen: google, apple, facebook, amazon, microsoft,
...
Risico’s
Ontwikkelen van informatiesystemen is zeer duur. Er is ook een schaarste aan werknemers binnen
deze sector.
à Goed leren nadenken over projecten voor je hieraan begint om onnodige kosten te vermijden.
Je bent afhankelijk van je Informatiesystemen à Wat als deze niet zou functioneren?
Bv. Facebook à bijna compleet gecrashed ookal zijn er miljoenen geinvesteerd in hun IS.
Bv. Taks-on-web à Veel mensen dat opeens inloggen, waardoor het crashed en ze zeggen dat je
meer tijd hebt om dit in te vullen en in te dienen.
Enkele feiten
Bedrijven investeren zeer veel in IT. Maar er is wel een paradox à Het is niet omdat je zoveel gaat
investeren dat je automatisch ook een hogere productiviteit gaat kennen. Blind investeren is dus
zeker niet slim. Er kan enorm veel mislopen, en het meest voorkomende is communicatie tussen
verschillende stakeholders en actoren binnen het process van zo een informatiesystemen.
Er zijn heel veel verschillende stappen waar communicatie key is. Daarom is heldere communicatie
heel belangrijk.
Business/ IT alignment
Dit is een belangrijk concept binnen de ontwikkeling van IS. à Visie =/= implementatie
Business is de kans dat zorgt voor de doelen en strategie. IT zijn de tools om die doelen en
strategieën te verwezenlijken.
2. Basisbegrippen
A. Begrippen - Informatiesystemen
Hardware
Alles wat je kan vastnemen.
Soms is hardware heel goedkoop (gps chip), maar soms ook heel duur (moderne IS dat grote
hardware investeringen vereist)
Software
Programma’s en algoritmes.
Vooraleer software kan worden uitgevoerd moet dat vertaald worden naar machinetaal.
6
Academiejaar 2021-2022
1
Academiejaar 2021-2022
,Table of Contents
Introductie......................................................................................................................... 6
1. Inleiding ........................................................................................................................ 6
Opportuniteiten ......................................................................................................................... 6
Risico’s ....................................................................................................................................... 6
Enkele feiten .............................................................................................................................. 6
Business/ IT alignment ............................................................................................................... 6
2. Basisbegrippen .............................................................................................................. 6
A. Begrippen - Informatiesystemen ............................................................................................ 6
Hardware ...................................................................................................................................................... 6
Software ........................................................................................................................................................ 6
Database ....................................................................................................................................................... 7
Communicatie/netwerk ................................................................................................................................ 7
Informatiesysteem ........................................................................................................................................ 7
Relevantie IS .............................................................................................................................. 7
Relevantie: hele maatschappij.................................................................................................... 7
B. Begrippen – Informatica ......................................................................................................... 7
Programmeren .............................................................................................................................................. 7
Het schrijven van een programma ................................................................................................................ 8
3. Algoritmes ..................................................................................................................... 8
Formele definitie: algoritme ......................................................................................................................... 8
Waarom zijn algoritmes nuttig? .................................................................................................................... 8
Algoritme representaties............................................................................................................ 8
Programeertaal ............................................................................................................................................. 9
Algoritme representaties in dit vak ............................................................................................................... 9
Pseudocode ................................................................................................................................................... 9
Flowcharts ..................................................................................................................................................... 9
Samengevat ............................................................................................................................... 9
3. Algoritmes Deel 2 ........................................................................................................ 10
Primitieven FC/PC .....................................................................................................................10
Oefening 2a ................................................................................................................................................. 10
3. Iteratie – herhalingsopdracht of loop ....................................................................................10
H4. Functionalities ........................................................................................................... 11
Model .......................................................................................................................................11
Conceptueel voorbeeld .............................................................................................................11
Elementen (59:00) .....................................................................................................................11
Sub-process ...............................................................................................................................11
2
Academiejaar 2021-2022
, Message flow ............................................................................................................................11
Message event ..........................................................................................................................11
Gateway....................................................................................................................................12
Exclusive gateway ....................................................................................................................................... 12
Parallel gateway .......................................................................................................................................... 13
Inclusive gateway ........................................................................................................................................ 14
H4 Functionalities – Deel 2: Process modeling .................................................................. 16
Wat is een proces? ....................................................................................................................16
Processen in management en science........................................................................................16
Procesperspectief in management ............................................................................................16
Process modeling ......................................................................................................................16
Process mining ..........................................................................................................................16
Process mining: the next steps ..................................................................................................17
BPMN Recap: elementen...........................................................................................................17
Events .......................................................................................................................................17
Time events ................................................................................................................................................. 18
Artifacts: data ...........................................................................................................................19
Annotatie ..................................................................................................................................20
Voorbeeld online bestelling ........................................................................................................................ 20
Enkele afspraken .......................................................................................................................21
H6 Databases .................................................................................................................. 21
Inleiding ....................................................................................................................................21
Deel 1 – Klassen ........................................................................................................................22
Data modelling ............................................................................................................................................ 22
Klassendiagram ........................................................................................................................................... 22
Klasse .......................................................................................................................................................... 22
Voorbeeld.................................................................................................................................................... 22
Object .......................................................................................................................................................... 22
Associatie/relatie ........................................................................................................................................ 22
Multipliciteit ................................................................................................................................................ 23
Attributen.................................................................................................................................................... 24
Verplichte en optionele attributen ............................................................................................................. 24
Associatieklasse........................................................................................................................................... 25
Meervoudige associaties ............................................................................................................................. 26
H6: Databases – Deel 2 – Databases ................................................................................ 28
Database: inleiding....................................................................................................................28
Van deel 1 naar deel 2 ...............................................................................................................28
Van klasse naar tabel ................................................................................................................28
First normal form (1NF)............................................................................................................................... 28
Keys ..........................................................................................................................................28
3
Academiejaar 2021-2022
, Primary key ...............................................................................................................................29
Tables met primary key .............................................................................................................29
Associaties mappen met multipliciteit 1 ....................................................................................30
Voorbeeld.................................................................................................................................................... 30
Associaties mappen...................................................................................................................31
Voorbeeld.................................................................................................................................................... 31
Instances ...................................................................................................................................32
Voorbeeld supervisors ................................................................................................................................ 33
H7: Monte Carlo Simulatie ............................................................................................... 34
Intuitief voorbeeld ....................................................................................................................34
Model: investment case – building project ................................................................................35
Monte Carlo Simulatie (goed kennen!) ......................................................................................35
Stappenplan gebruik MC ...........................................................................................................36
MSC: assumpties .......................................................................................................................37
Prequisite: RNG .........................................................................................................................38
Verdeling: op intuitief niveau ....................................................................................................38
Sampling op basis van RNG en de CDF .......................................................................................38
Verdeling: driehoeks .................................................................................................................39
Verdeling: normale ...................................................................................................................39
Verdeling kiezen........................................................................................................................39
Steekproefgrootte kiezen ..........................................................................................................39
H9: Data Science .............................................................................................................. 41
Waarom is dit relevant voor ons? ..............................................................................................41
Fundamentele concepten ..........................................................................................................41
Terminologie ............................................................................................................................................... 41
Toepassingen?............................................................................................................................................. 42
Data ............................................................................................................................................................. 43
Data als strategisch goed ............................................................................................................................ 43
Welke typs beslissingen kunnen we ondersteunen met data science? ...................................................... 43
Een model? ................................................................................................................................................. 43
Een model leren .......................................................................................................................................... 43
Complexe functies approximeren met neurale netwerken ........................................................................ 44
Sommige geleerde functies kunnen zeer complex zijn ............................................................................... 44
Sommige decision support systems behelzen meerdere complexe modellen ........................................... 45
Taken, methodes en toepassingen ............................................................................................45
Voorbeeld.................................................................................................................................................... 46
Variabelen ................................................................................................................................................... 47
Supervised learning ..................................................................................................................................... 47
Regressie ..................................................................................................................................................... 47
Classificatie.................................................................................................................................................. 47
Methodes .................................................................................................................................................... 48
4
Academiejaar 2021-2022
, Wat is een goed model? ............................................................................................................................. 48
Voorbeelden DS toepassingen? .................................................................................................................. 48
Van theorie naar praktijk met CRISP-DM .................................................................................................... 50
Oefening: Chrun prediction......................................................................................................................... 50
Churn prediction: business understanding ................................................................................................. 51
Belangrijke keuzes: een nieuwe kijk............................................................................................................ 52
Conclusie ..................................................................................................................................................... 53
Meer zaken om in rekening te brengen! ..................................................................................................... 53
Is data science altijd nuttig? ........................................................................................................................ 53
De meeste DS projecten falen..................................................................................................................... 54
Redenen voor het falen van DS projecten .................................................................................................. 54
Extra: a note on Deep Learning (dit is voor de geïnteresseerde, is niet belangrijk voor het examen) ....... 54
H8: Informatica in een business context ........................................................................... 55
Elk management-niveau heeft zijn eigen gespecialieerde informatiesystemen ......................................... 55
Transaction processing systems (TPS)......................................................................................................... 55
Even terzijde: data model voor een generisch transactie-patroon ............................................................. 55
Systems for business intelligence (BI) ......................................................................................................... 56
Hoe deze systemen laten samenwerken?................................................................................................... 57
Recap: wat is een proces? ........................................................................................................................... 57
Voorbeelden bedrijfsprocessen per functioneel gebied ............................................................................. 57
Voorbeeld order fulfillment process ........................................................................................................... 57
Hoe informatietechnologie bedrijfsprocessen ondersteunt ....................................................................... 58
Enterprise application ................................................................................................................................. 58
Enterprise application architecture ............................................................................................................ 58
Enterprise Resource Planning systems ....................................................................................................... 58
Supply Chain Management Systems ........................................................................................................... 59
Internet-drive Supply chain gebaseerd op netwerken ................................................................................ 59
Customer Relationship Management Systemen ......................................................................................... 60
Uitdagingen rond Enterprise applications................................................................................................... 60
5
Academiejaar 2021-2022
, HOC 1 – 7/10/2021
Introductie
50/50 schriftelijk en praktijk voor examen. Schriftelijk deel wordt overgedragen naar 2e zit.
1. Inleiding
Opportuniteiten
Als je wilt werken in business, moet je een basiskennis hebben binnen IT.
Voorbeelden van bedrijven die steunen op IT systemen: google, apple, facebook, amazon, microsoft,
...
Risico’s
Ontwikkelen van informatiesystemen is zeer duur. Er is ook een schaarste aan werknemers binnen
deze sector.
à Goed leren nadenken over projecten voor je hieraan begint om onnodige kosten te vermijden.
Je bent afhankelijk van je Informatiesystemen à Wat als deze niet zou functioneren?
Bv. Facebook à bijna compleet gecrashed ookal zijn er miljoenen geinvesteerd in hun IS.
Bv. Taks-on-web à Veel mensen dat opeens inloggen, waardoor het crashed en ze zeggen dat je
meer tijd hebt om dit in te vullen en in te dienen.
Enkele feiten
Bedrijven investeren zeer veel in IT. Maar er is wel een paradox à Het is niet omdat je zoveel gaat
investeren dat je automatisch ook een hogere productiviteit gaat kennen. Blind investeren is dus
zeker niet slim. Er kan enorm veel mislopen, en het meest voorkomende is communicatie tussen
verschillende stakeholders en actoren binnen het process van zo een informatiesystemen.
Er zijn heel veel verschillende stappen waar communicatie key is. Daarom is heldere communicatie
heel belangrijk.
Business/ IT alignment
Dit is een belangrijk concept binnen de ontwikkeling van IS. à Visie =/= implementatie
Business is de kans dat zorgt voor de doelen en strategie. IT zijn de tools om die doelen en
strategieën te verwezenlijken.
2. Basisbegrippen
A. Begrippen - Informatiesystemen
Hardware
Alles wat je kan vastnemen.
Soms is hardware heel goedkoop (gps chip), maar soms ook heel duur (moderne IS dat grote
hardware investeringen vereist)
Software
Programma’s en algoritmes.
Vooraleer software kan worden uitgevoerd moet dat vertaald worden naar machinetaal.
6
Academiejaar 2021-2022
