BIOS 255N Final Exam Study Guide APIII - Updated 2021

BIOS 255N Final Exam Study Guide APIII Innate and adaptive systems, how they work and interact (Lymphatic System) • Innate (non specific)-defenses that are present at birth, 1)first line of defense are the physical and chemical barriers of the SKIN and mucous membranes, o Mechanical Defense-  Skin, mucous membranes, tears, saliva, mucus, cilia, epiglottis, urine flow, defecating, vomiting  Chemical Defense-  Sebum, lysozyme, gastric juice • 2) the second line of defense are the Internal defenses ;antimicrobial protiens, natural killer cells, phagocytes (Phagocyte (white blood) engulfs microbe), inflammation, and fever. Innate immunity responses represent immunity’s early warning system and are designed to prevent microbes from entering the body and to help eliminate those that do gain access. • They help each other because innate presents the T cell, once the pathogen is being killed or being rendered • Adaptive (specific) immunity refers to defenses that involve specific recognition of a microbe once it has breached the innate immunity defenses. Based on a specific response to a specific microbe, that is, it adapts or adjusts to handle a specific microbe. Involves lymphocytes called T cells and B cells. o Adaptive immunity has both specificity and memory and is divided into 2 types  Cell-mediated  An antigen is recognized and bound  A small number of T cells proliferate and differentiate into a clone of effector cells  The antigen is eliminated  Antibody-mediated  An antigen is recognized and bound  Helper T cells co-stimulate the B cell so the B cell can proliferate and differentiate into a clone of effector cells that produce antibodies.  The antigen is eliminated ****Similarities and differences between primary and secondary responses of the adaptive immune system (think Vaccination) NEED TO EXPLAIN MORE ASK SOMEONE TO EXPLAIN THIS TO YOU**** • Similarities: both of them are being attacked by the same invader • Differences: Reactions The primary first exposure and brand new antigen is very slow, igG and the igM respond slowly and stops. The secondary is a faster reaction because the memory cell recognizes the antigen. Cancer from right side of abdomen metastasizing above left shoulder. Explain anatomically why this statement makes sense. • The thoracic duct drains the whole body, and the right duct only drains the right upper extremities. • The drainage from the abdomen and upper left shoulder are controlled by the same duct which is the thoracic duct, so it is easy to for the cancer to spread. Immediately after the last vaccination I ‘got the flu’. Is this a correct assumption, and if not what is the vaccine doing to cause their ‘flu-like’ symptoms? • This not true because you may have the flu in your system but the flu is not active. • Pre-exposure • Vaccine causes flu like symptoms but they are not pathogenic • They can still have mild symptoms because all the strains are not covered or maybe not included in the vaccine.`` • It is in the incubation period. • Anatomy and functions of the spleen