Pathophysiology Exam 1 study guide

PATHO: Exam 1 Study Guide Chapter 1: Introduction to Pathophysiology Whatis pathophysiology Disease stages, e.g. latent, prodromal, chronic, exacerbation, convalescence, etc. Levels of prevention Primary - reduce exposure Secondary - early detection screening Tertiary - rehabilitative supportive care Chapter 2: Stress Vocabulary: Homeostasis, Allostasis, habituation ● Homeostasis - a state of equilibrium, of balance within the organism. ● Fluid and electrolyte imbalance ◆ Homeostatic responses refer to systems whose purpose is specifically to normalize selected physiologic variables. ● Allostasis - overall process of adaptive change necessary to maintain survival and well-being. ○ Environment and lifestyle changes ○ Allostasis involves intricate regulatory processes orchestrated by the brain. ○ Allostasis may involve altering multiple physiologic variables to match the resources ofthe body to environmental demands. ○ It helps the body achieve homeostasis. ● Habituation - Adaptation to a stressor ○ Ex. not hearing a buzzing sound after it has gone on for a long time. Stress – whatis it, purpose of, what determines response ● Stress - a physical, chemical, or emotional factor that produces tension in the body or the mind Selye GAP syndrome stages, body’s responses to stages (alarm, resistance, exhaustion) Mediators of stress, e.g. norepinephrine, epinephrine, cortisol – what do they do? Chapter 3: Cell Structure and Function Major function of cell structures, e.g. lysosomes, mitochondria, nucleus, etc. Chapter 24: Fluids and Electrolytes Normal values for 5 electrolytes, signs and symptoms, causes (calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, magnesium) Fluid excretion – what happens if abnormal amount ● Occurs during: ○ Normal excretion ■ Sweating ■ Urination ■ Respiration ■ Defecation ○ Abnormal secretion ■ Vomiting ■ Diarrhea ■ Hemorrhaging Dehydration causes Edema – where is fluid, causes of Bone function in terms of electrolytes Composition of body fluid compartments