Bodemwetgeving (deel Omgevingsrecht)
Inhoudsopgave
Hoofdstuk 1: Inleiding tot de Bodemwetgeving ............................................................................................... 6
Totstandkoming van de bodemwetgeving ......................................................................................................... 6
Eerste bewustwording: jaren ‘80................................................................................................................... 6
Het echte vertrekpunt: 1981 ......................................................................................................................... 6
Het bodemsaneringsdecreet 1995 ................................................................................................................ 6
Het huidige bodemdecreet 2006 ................................................................................................................... 6
Doel bodemwetgeving........................................................................................................................................ 6
Begrippen en definities ....................................................................................................................................... 7
De verschillende toetsingswaarden .................................................................................................................... 8
Toetsingswaarden in het vaste deel van de aarde (mg/kgds) ....................................................................... 8
Toetsingswaarden grondwater (µg/l) ............................................................................................................ 9
Hoofdstuk 2: De verschillende stappen in het Bodemdecreet ........................................................................ 10
1. Het oriënterend bodemonderzoek (OBO) art 28-36 Bodemdecreet ....................................................... 10
Doel (art 28 Bodemdecreet) ........................................................................................................................ 10
Wanneer OBO uitvoeren? (art 29 - 37 Bodemdecreet) ............................................................................... 11
Besluit van OBO ........................................................................................................................................... 11
Taken OVAM en makelaar/landmeter ......................................................................................................... 12
2. Het beschrijvend bodemonderzoek (BBO) art 38-43 Bodemdecreet ...................................................... 12
Doel ............................................................................................................................................................. 12
Wanneer BBO uitvoeren? ............................................................................................................................ 13
Besluit van BBO- vervolgstap? ..................................................................................................................... 13
Taken OVAM en makelaar/landmeter ......................................................................................................... 13
3. Het verslag ‘oriënterend en beschrijvend bodemonderzoek’ (OBBO) art 44-46 Bodemdecreet ............. 14
Inhoud (art 44)............................................................................................................................................. 14
Wanneer OBBO uitvoeren? ......................................................................................................................... 14
Taak OVAM .................................................................................................................................................. 14
4. Het bodemsaneringsproject (BSP) art 47-55 Bodemdecreet .................................................................. 14
Doel (art 47) ................................................................................................................................................. 14
Wanneer BSP indienen? .............................................................................................................................. 15
Besluit BSP ................................................................................................................................................... 15
Taken OVAM en makelaar/landmeter ......................................................................................................... 15
5. Het beperkt bodemsaneringsdecreet art 56-61 Bodemdecreet .............................................................. 16
Doel ............................................................................................................................................................. 16
Taak OVAM .................................................................................................................................................. 16
6. De bodemsaneringswerken (BSW) art 62-66 Bodemdecreet .................................................................. 16
Doel ............................................................................................................................................................. 16
Taak OVAM .................................................................................................................................................. 16
7. Eindevaluatierapport art. 67-68 Bodemdecreet ..................................................................................... 16
Doel ............................................................................................................................................................. 16
Taken OVAM en makelaar/landmeter ......................................................................................................... 16
Hoofdstuk 3: Wat is een risicogrond? ............................................................................................................. 17
Het begrip ‘risicogrond’ .................................................................................................................................... 17
1
, Vlarem indelingslijst – bijlage I van Vlarem II (p31-38) .................................................................................... 18
Aandachtspunten Vlarem ............................................................................................................................ 18
Vlarebo indelingslijst – bijlage I van Vlarebo (p39-43) ..................................................................................... 18
Aandachtspunten bij het bepalen of een activiteit een risico-activiteit is ........................................................ 19
1. Startdatum van de activiteit .............................................................................................................. 19
2. Datum van sluiting van de inrichting ................................................................................................. 19
3. Feitelijke toestand.............................................................................................................................. 19
4. Aanwezigheid van onvergunde activiteiten ....................................................................................... 19
5. Tijdelijke en verplaatsbare inrichtingen ............................................................................................. 19
6. Interpreteren van oude vergunningen of activiteiten ....................................................................... 19
7. Hulptool OVAM .................................................................................................................................. 19
Oefeningen Vlarem en Vlarebo ........................................................................................................................ 20
Oefeningen rubriekindeling opgegeven – omschrijving weergeven ........................................................... 20
Oefeningen omschrijving gekend – welke rubriekindeling?........................................................................ 21
Combinatie van rubrieken/ inrichtingen ..................................................................................................... 24
Oefeningen rubriek en risicogrond .............................................................................................................. 25
Nagaan van een risicogrond in de praktijk ....................................................................................................... 26
Info inwinnen bij de gemeente .................................................................................................................... 26
Aandachtspunten (correctie bij foute gegevens) ........................................................................................ 26
Taak makelaar- landmeter ........................................................................................................................... 26
Hoofdstuk 4: Vrijstelling van de OBO-plicht (art 31 Bodemdecreet) ............................................................... 27
Onderzoeksplichtige ......................................................................................................................................... 27
Vrijstelling OBO-plicht ...................................................................................................................................... 27
Voorwaarden ............................................................................................................................................... 27
Aanvragen vrijstelling OBO-plicht................................................................................................................ 27
Vrijstelling van de OBO-plicht ikv overdracht .............................................................................................. 27
Hoofdstuk 5: Vrijstelling van saneringsplicht – saneringsaansprakelijkheid ................................................... 28
Onderzoeksplichtige vs saneringsplichtige ....................................................................................................... 28
Vrijstelling saneringsplicht ‘onschuldig eigenaar/gebruiker’ ........................................................................... 28
Onderstroming ............................................................................................................................................ 28
Onschuldig gebruiker/ onschuldig exploitant .............................................................................................. 28
Wat indien er zowel een exploitant, gebruiker als eigenaar op de grond aanwezig is? ............................. 29
Aanvraag vrijstelling .................................................................................................................................... 29
Vrijstelling voor de uitvoering van het beschrijvend bodemonderzoek of de bodemsanering ikv overdracht
van risicogronden ............................................................................................................................................. 29
Overdrager heeft vrijstelling bekomen........................................................................................................ 29
Verval van vrijstelling voor verwerver ......................................................................................................... 30
Verwerving van verontreinigde niet-risicogrond .............................................................................................. 30
Saneringsplichtige >-< saneringsaansprakelijke ............................................................................................... 30
Taak makelaar-landmeter ................................................................................................................................ 30
Oefeningen ....................................................................................................................................................... 31
Oefening 1 ................................................................................................................................................... 31
Oefening 2 ................................................................................................................................................... 31
Oefening 3 ................................................................................................................................................... 31
Hoofdstuk 6: Geldigheid van een oriënterend bodemonderzoek bij overdracht ............................................ 32
Geldigheid van OBO, geen nieuw OBO nodig ................................................................................................... 32
Geldigheid van OBO, nieuw OBO nodig ............................................................................................................ 32
2
, Voorbeelden ..................................................................................................................................................... 33
Situatie 1 ...................................................................................................................................................... 33
Situatie 2 ...................................................................................................................................................... 33
Situatie 3 ...................................................................................................................................................... 33
Hoofdstuk 7: Het bodemattest ....................................................................................................................... 34
Begrippen ......................................................................................................................................................... 34
Grondeninformatieregister (GIR) ................................................................................................................ 34
Gemeentelijke inventaris............................................................................................................................. 34
Het bodemattest .............................................................................................................................................. 34
De aanvraag ................................................................................................................................................. 34
Uitzicht van het bodemattest ...................................................................................................................... 35
Blanco bodemattest .................................................................................................................................... 39
Wat staat niet op een bodemattest? .......................................................................................................... 40
Bruikbaarheid bodemattest.............................................................................................................................. 40
Woningpas ....................................................................................................................................................... 40
Oefeningen leesbaarheid bodemattest ............................................................................................................ 41
Oefening 1 ................................................................................................................................................... 41
Oefening 2 ................................................................................................................................................... 42
Oefening 3 ................................................................................................................................................... 43
Oefening 4 ................................................................................................................................................... 44
Oefening 5 ................................................................................................................................................... 45
Oefening 6 ................................................................................................................................................... 46
Oefening 7 ................................................................................................................................................... 47
Hoofdstuk 8: Overdracht – verplichtingen en procedure ................................................................................ 48
Wat valt er onder het begrip ‘overdracht van gronden’ (art 2-18° Bodemdecreet) ......................................... 48
Definitie overdracht..................................................................................................................................... 48
Overdrachtsverplichtingen van toepassing op ALLE gronden (art 101 Bodemdecreet) ................................... 49
Bodemattestregeling ................................................................................................................................... 49
Gevolgen niet naleven ................................................................................................................................. 49
Bijkomende overdrachtsverplichtingen van toepassing op risicogronden (art 102-117) ................................. 49
Verplichtingen overdracht risicogronden .................................................................................................... 49
Verplichtingen risicogronden – OBO plicht ................................................................................................. 49
Bijkomende verplichtingen op risicogronden .............................................................................................. 50
Verplichting om een OBO uit te voeren door de overdrager ...................................................................... 50
Wanneer kan de overdracht van de risicogrond plaatsvinden? (art 109-110) ................................................. 50
Niet naleving overdrachtsverplichtingen .................................................................................................... 51
Taak makelaar – landmeter ............................................................................................................................. 51
Oefeningen (1u10 – 21/5) ................................................................................................................................ 52
Oefening 1 ................................................................................................................................................... 53
Oefening 2 ................................................................................................................................................... 54
Oefening 3 ................................................................................................................................................... 55
Oefening 4 ................................................................................................................................................... 56
Oefening 5 ................................................................................................................................................... 57
Oefening 6 ................................................................................................................................................... 58
Oefening 7 ................................................................................................................................................... 59
Oefening 8 ................................................................................................................................................... 60
Oefening 9 ................................................................................................................................................... 61
Oefeningen op geldigheid OBO (H6) ................................................................................................................ 62
Oefening 10 ................................................................................................................................................. 63
3
, Oefening 11 ................................................................................................................................................. 64
Oefening 12 ................................................................................................................................................. 65
Oefening 13 ................................................................................................................................................. 66
Hoofdstuk 9: Regeling schadegevallen (74-82 Bodemdecreet) ....................................................................... 67
Definitie (art 74) ............................................................................................................................................... 67
Bevoegde instantie (art 75) .............................................................................................................................. 67
Procedure (art 76-82) ....................................................................................................................................... 67
Verplichte procedure? ................................................................................................................................. 67
Hoofdstuk 10: Grondverzet ............................................................................................................................ 68
Preventief luik (art 136 – 138) .......................................................................................................................... 68
Wanneer technische verslag/bodembeheerrapport vereist? ........................................................................... 68
Kadastrale werkzone ........................................................................................................................................ 69
Waarom? ..................................................................................................................................................... 69
Wat is een kadastrale werkzone? ................................................................................................................ 69
Gebruik van uitgegraven bodem ...................................................................................................................... 69
Traceerbaarheidsprocedure ............................................................................................................................. 69
Grondverzetcode .............................................................................................................................................. 70
Grondverzet VS overdracht............................................................................................................................... 70
Hoofdstuk 11: Tussenkomst in de kosten voor historische verontreiniging (art 15)........................................ 71
Cofinanciering................................................................................................................................................... 71
Tussenkomst ..................................................................................................................................................... 71
Hoofdstuk 12: Taken makelaar en landmeter ................................................................................................. 72
Hoofdstuk 13: Omgevingsvergunning ............................................................................................................. 73
Vergunning ....................................................................................................................................................... 73
Omgevingsvergunning ................................................................................................................................. 73
Verloop vergunningsprocedure ........................................................................................................................ 73
Bevoegde instantie ...................................................................................................................................... 73
Vergunningsprocedure ................................................................................................................................ 73
Beroepsmogelijkheid ................................................................................................................................... 73
Beslissingstermijnen (dagen niet vanbuiten kennen).................................................................................. 73
Bijlage 1 Vlarem II ............................................................................................................................................ 74
Hoofdstuk 14: Milieuregeling ivm stookolietanks .......................................................................................... 75
Verplichting voor stookolietanks ...................................................................................................................... 75
Particuliere stookolietanks (kleiner dan 5.000 kg) ........................................................................................... 76
Resultaat controle (druk of lektest) ............................................................................................................. 76
Buiten gebruik zijnde particuliere tanks ...................................................................................................... 76
Inhoudsvermogen stookolietanks meer dan 5.000kg ....................................................................................... 76
Buiten gebruik zijnde stookolietanks van meer dan 5.000kg ...................................................................... 77
Aandachtspunten makelaar ............................................................................................................................. 77
Hoofdstuk 15: Asbest ..................................................................................................................................... 78
4
Inhoudsopgave
Hoofdstuk 1: Inleiding tot de Bodemwetgeving ............................................................................................... 6
Totstandkoming van de bodemwetgeving ......................................................................................................... 6
Eerste bewustwording: jaren ‘80................................................................................................................... 6
Het echte vertrekpunt: 1981 ......................................................................................................................... 6
Het bodemsaneringsdecreet 1995 ................................................................................................................ 6
Het huidige bodemdecreet 2006 ................................................................................................................... 6
Doel bodemwetgeving........................................................................................................................................ 6
Begrippen en definities ....................................................................................................................................... 7
De verschillende toetsingswaarden .................................................................................................................... 8
Toetsingswaarden in het vaste deel van de aarde (mg/kgds) ....................................................................... 8
Toetsingswaarden grondwater (µg/l) ............................................................................................................ 9
Hoofdstuk 2: De verschillende stappen in het Bodemdecreet ........................................................................ 10
1. Het oriënterend bodemonderzoek (OBO) art 28-36 Bodemdecreet ....................................................... 10
Doel (art 28 Bodemdecreet) ........................................................................................................................ 10
Wanneer OBO uitvoeren? (art 29 - 37 Bodemdecreet) ............................................................................... 11
Besluit van OBO ........................................................................................................................................... 11
Taken OVAM en makelaar/landmeter ......................................................................................................... 12
2. Het beschrijvend bodemonderzoek (BBO) art 38-43 Bodemdecreet ...................................................... 12
Doel ............................................................................................................................................................. 12
Wanneer BBO uitvoeren? ............................................................................................................................ 13
Besluit van BBO- vervolgstap? ..................................................................................................................... 13
Taken OVAM en makelaar/landmeter ......................................................................................................... 13
3. Het verslag ‘oriënterend en beschrijvend bodemonderzoek’ (OBBO) art 44-46 Bodemdecreet ............. 14
Inhoud (art 44)............................................................................................................................................. 14
Wanneer OBBO uitvoeren? ......................................................................................................................... 14
Taak OVAM .................................................................................................................................................. 14
4. Het bodemsaneringsproject (BSP) art 47-55 Bodemdecreet .................................................................. 14
Doel (art 47) ................................................................................................................................................. 14
Wanneer BSP indienen? .............................................................................................................................. 15
Besluit BSP ................................................................................................................................................... 15
Taken OVAM en makelaar/landmeter ......................................................................................................... 15
5. Het beperkt bodemsaneringsdecreet art 56-61 Bodemdecreet .............................................................. 16
Doel ............................................................................................................................................................. 16
Taak OVAM .................................................................................................................................................. 16
6. De bodemsaneringswerken (BSW) art 62-66 Bodemdecreet .................................................................. 16
Doel ............................................................................................................................................................. 16
Taak OVAM .................................................................................................................................................. 16
7. Eindevaluatierapport art. 67-68 Bodemdecreet ..................................................................................... 16
Doel ............................................................................................................................................................. 16
Taken OVAM en makelaar/landmeter ......................................................................................................... 16
Hoofdstuk 3: Wat is een risicogrond? ............................................................................................................. 17
Het begrip ‘risicogrond’ .................................................................................................................................... 17
1
, Vlarem indelingslijst – bijlage I van Vlarem II (p31-38) .................................................................................... 18
Aandachtspunten Vlarem ............................................................................................................................ 18
Vlarebo indelingslijst – bijlage I van Vlarebo (p39-43) ..................................................................................... 18
Aandachtspunten bij het bepalen of een activiteit een risico-activiteit is ........................................................ 19
1. Startdatum van de activiteit .............................................................................................................. 19
2. Datum van sluiting van de inrichting ................................................................................................. 19
3. Feitelijke toestand.............................................................................................................................. 19
4. Aanwezigheid van onvergunde activiteiten ....................................................................................... 19
5. Tijdelijke en verplaatsbare inrichtingen ............................................................................................. 19
6. Interpreteren van oude vergunningen of activiteiten ....................................................................... 19
7. Hulptool OVAM .................................................................................................................................. 19
Oefeningen Vlarem en Vlarebo ........................................................................................................................ 20
Oefeningen rubriekindeling opgegeven – omschrijving weergeven ........................................................... 20
Oefeningen omschrijving gekend – welke rubriekindeling?........................................................................ 21
Combinatie van rubrieken/ inrichtingen ..................................................................................................... 24
Oefeningen rubriek en risicogrond .............................................................................................................. 25
Nagaan van een risicogrond in de praktijk ....................................................................................................... 26
Info inwinnen bij de gemeente .................................................................................................................... 26
Aandachtspunten (correctie bij foute gegevens) ........................................................................................ 26
Taak makelaar- landmeter ........................................................................................................................... 26
Hoofdstuk 4: Vrijstelling van de OBO-plicht (art 31 Bodemdecreet) ............................................................... 27
Onderzoeksplichtige ......................................................................................................................................... 27
Vrijstelling OBO-plicht ...................................................................................................................................... 27
Voorwaarden ............................................................................................................................................... 27
Aanvragen vrijstelling OBO-plicht................................................................................................................ 27
Vrijstelling van de OBO-plicht ikv overdracht .............................................................................................. 27
Hoofdstuk 5: Vrijstelling van saneringsplicht – saneringsaansprakelijkheid ................................................... 28
Onderzoeksplichtige vs saneringsplichtige ....................................................................................................... 28
Vrijstelling saneringsplicht ‘onschuldig eigenaar/gebruiker’ ........................................................................... 28
Onderstroming ............................................................................................................................................ 28
Onschuldig gebruiker/ onschuldig exploitant .............................................................................................. 28
Wat indien er zowel een exploitant, gebruiker als eigenaar op de grond aanwezig is? ............................. 29
Aanvraag vrijstelling .................................................................................................................................... 29
Vrijstelling voor de uitvoering van het beschrijvend bodemonderzoek of de bodemsanering ikv overdracht
van risicogronden ............................................................................................................................................. 29
Overdrager heeft vrijstelling bekomen........................................................................................................ 29
Verval van vrijstelling voor verwerver ......................................................................................................... 30
Verwerving van verontreinigde niet-risicogrond .............................................................................................. 30
Saneringsplichtige >-< saneringsaansprakelijke ............................................................................................... 30
Taak makelaar-landmeter ................................................................................................................................ 30
Oefeningen ....................................................................................................................................................... 31
Oefening 1 ................................................................................................................................................... 31
Oefening 2 ................................................................................................................................................... 31
Oefening 3 ................................................................................................................................................... 31
Hoofdstuk 6: Geldigheid van een oriënterend bodemonderzoek bij overdracht ............................................ 32
Geldigheid van OBO, geen nieuw OBO nodig ................................................................................................... 32
Geldigheid van OBO, nieuw OBO nodig ............................................................................................................ 32
2
, Voorbeelden ..................................................................................................................................................... 33
Situatie 1 ...................................................................................................................................................... 33
Situatie 2 ...................................................................................................................................................... 33
Situatie 3 ...................................................................................................................................................... 33
Hoofdstuk 7: Het bodemattest ....................................................................................................................... 34
Begrippen ......................................................................................................................................................... 34
Grondeninformatieregister (GIR) ................................................................................................................ 34
Gemeentelijke inventaris............................................................................................................................. 34
Het bodemattest .............................................................................................................................................. 34
De aanvraag ................................................................................................................................................. 34
Uitzicht van het bodemattest ...................................................................................................................... 35
Blanco bodemattest .................................................................................................................................... 39
Wat staat niet op een bodemattest? .......................................................................................................... 40
Bruikbaarheid bodemattest.............................................................................................................................. 40
Woningpas ....................................................................................................................................................... 40
Oefeningen leesbaarheid bodemattest ............................................................................................................ 41
Oefening 1 ................................................................................................................................................... 41
Oefening 2 ................................................................................................................................................... 42
Oefening 3 ................................................................................................................................................... 43
Oefening 4 ................................................................................................................................................... 44
Oefening 5 ................................................................................................................................................... 45
Oefening 6 ................................................................................................................................................... 46
Oefening 7 ................................................................................................................................................... 47
Hoofdstuk 8: Overdracht – verplichtingen en procedure ................................................................................ 48
Wat valt er onder het begrip ‘overdracht van gronden’ (art 2-18° Bodemdecreet) ......................................... 48
Definitie overdracht..................................................................................................................................... 48
Overdrachtsverplichtingen van toepassing op ALLE gronden (art 101 Bodemdecreet) ................................... 49
Bodemattestregeling ................................................................................................................................... 49
Gevolgen niet naleven ................................................................................................................................. 49
Bijkomende overdrachtsverplichtingen van toepassing op risicogronden (art 102-117) ................................. 49
Verplichtingen overdracht risicogronden .................................................................................................... 49
Verplichtingen risicogronden – OBO plicht ................................................................................................. 49
Bijkomende verplichtingen op risicogronden .............................................................................................. 50
Verplichting om een OBO uit te voeren door de overdrager ...................................................................... 50
Wanneer kan de overdracht van de risicogrond plaatsvinden? (art 109-110) ................................................. 50
Niet naleving overdrachtsverplichtingen .................................................................................................... 51
Taak makelaar – landmeter ............................................................................................................................. 51
Oefeningen (1u10 – 21/5) ................................................................................................................................ 52
Oefening 1 ................................................................................................................................................... 53
Oefening 2 ................................................................................................................................................... 54
Oefening 3 ................................................................................................................................................... 55
Oefening 4 ................................................................................................................................................... 56
Oefening 5 ................................................................................................................................................... 57
Oefening 6 ................................................................................................................................................... 58
Oefening 7 ................................................................................................................................................... 59
Oefening 8 ................................................................................................................................................... 60
Oefening 9 ................................................................................................................................................... 61
Oefeningen op geldigheid OBO (H6) ................................................................................................................ 62
Oefening 10 ................................................................................................................................................. 63
3
, Oefening 11 ................................................................................................................................................. 64
Oefening 12 ................................................................................................................................................. 65
Oefening 13 ................................................................................................................................................. 66
Hoofdstuk 9: Regeling schadegevallen (74-82 Bodemdecreet) ....................................................................... 67
Definitie (art 74) ............................................................................................................................................... 67
Bevoegde instantie (art 75) .............................................................................................................................. 67
Procedure (art 76-82) ....................................................................................................................................... 67
Verplichte procedure? ................................................................................................................................. 67
Hoofdstuk 10: Grondverzet ............................................................................................................................ 68
Preventief luik (art 136 – 138) .......................................................................................................................... 68
Wanneer technische verslag/bodembeheerrapport vereist? ........................................................................... 68
Kadastrale werkzone ........................................................................................................................................ 69
Waarom? ..................................................................................................................................................... 69
Wat is een kadastrale werkzone? ................................................................................................................ 69
Gebruik van uitgegraven bodem ...................................................................................................................... 69
Traceerbaarheidsprocedure ............................................................................................................................. 69
Grondverzetcode .............................................................................................................................................. 70
Grondverzet VS overdracht............................................................................................................................... 70
Hoofdstuk 11: Tussenkomst in de kosten voor historische verontreiniging (art 15)........................................ 71
Cofinanciering................................................................................................................................................... 71
Tussenkomst ..................................................................................................................................................... 71
Hoofdstuk 12: Taken makelaar en landmeter ................................................................................................. 72
Hoofdstuk 13: Omgevingsvergunning ............................................................................................................. 73
Vergunning ....................................................................................................................................................... 73
Omgevingsvergunning ................................................................................................................................. 73
Verloop vergunningsprocedure ........................................................................................................................ 73
Bevoegde instantie ...................................................................................................................................... 73
Vergunningsprocedure ................................................................................................................................ 73
Beroepsmogelijkheid ................................................................................................................................... 73
Beslissingstermijnen (dagen niet vanbuiten kennen).................................................................................. 73
Bijlage 1 Vlarem II ............................................................................................................................................ 74
Hoofdstuk 14: Milieuregeling ivm stookolietanks .......................................................................................... 75
Verplichting voor stookolietanks ...................................................................................................................... 75
Particuliere stookolietanks (kleiner dan 5.000 kg) ........................................................................................... 76
Resultaat controle (druk of lektest) ............................................................................................................. 76
Buiten gebruik zijnde particuliere tanks ...................................................................................................... 76
Inhoudsvermogen stookolietanks meer dan 5.000kg ....................................................................................... 76
Buiten gebruik zijnde stookolietanks van meer dan 5.000kg ...................................................................... 77
Aandachtspunten makelaar ............................................................................................................................. 77
Hoofdstuk 15: Asbest ..................................................................................................................................... 78
4
