Exam (elaborations) TEST BANK FOR Digital Design and Computer Architecture ARM Edition By Sarah Harris (solution manual)-Converted

Biologists study cells at many levels. The cells are built from organelles such as the mitochondria, ribosomes, and chloroplasts. Organelles are built of macromolecules such as proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and carbohydrates. These biochemical macromolecules are built simpler molecules such as carbon chains and amino acids. When studying at one of these levels of abstraction, biologists are usually interested in the levels above and below: what the structures at that level are used to build, and how the structures themselves are built. (b) The fundamental building blocks of chemistry are electrons, protons, and neutrons (physicists are interested in how the protons and neutrons are built). These blocks combine to form atoms. Atoms combine to form molecules. For example, when chemists study molecules, they can abstract away the lower levels of detail so that they can describe the general properties of a molecule such as benzene without having to calculate the motion of the individual electrons in the molecule. Exercise 1.2 (a) Automobile designers use hierarchy to construct a car from major assemblies such as the engine, body, and suspension. The assemblies are constructed from subassemblies; for example, the engine contains cylinders, fuel injectors, the ignition system, and the drive shaft. Modularity allows components to be swapped without redesigning the rest of the car; for example, the seats can be cloth, leather, or leather with a built in heater depending on the model of the vehicle, so long as they all mount to the body in the same place. Regularity involves the use of interchangeable parts and the sharing of parts between different vehicles; a 65R14 tire can be used on many different cars. Sarah L. Harris and David Money Harris Digital Design and Computer Architecture: ARM Edition © 2015 Elsevier, Inc. 2 S O L U T I O N S c h a p t e r 1 (b) Businesses use hierarchy in their organization chart. An employee reports to a manager, who reports to a general manager who reports to a vice president who reports to the president. Modularity includes well-defined interfaces between divisions. The salesperson who spills a coke in his laptop calls a single number for technical support and does not need to know the detailed organization of the information systems department. Regularity includes the use of standard procedures. Accountants follow a well-defined set of rules to calculate profit and loss so that the finances of each division can be combined to determine the finances of the company and so that the finances of the company can be reported to investors who can make a straightforward comparison with other companies. Exercise 1.3 Ben can use a hierarchy to design the house. First, he can decide how many bedrooms, bathrooms, kitchens, and other rooms he would like. He can then jump up a level of hierarchy to decide the overall layout and dimensions of the house. At the top-level of the hierarchy, he material he would like to use, what kind of roof, etc. He can then jump to an even lower level of hierarchy to decide the specific layout of each room, where he would like to place the doors, windows, etc. He can use the principle of regularity in planning the framing of the house. By using the same type of material, he can scale the framing depending on the dimensions of each room. He can also use regularity to choose the same (or a small set of) doors and windows for each room. That way, when he places a new door or window he need not redesign the size, material, layout specifications from scratch. This is also an example of modularity: once he has designed the specifications for the windows in one room, for example, he need not respecify them when he uses the same windows in another room. This will save him both design time and, thus, money. He could also save by buying some items (like windows) in bulk. Exercise 1.4 An accuracy of +/- 50 mV indicates that the signal can be resolved to 100 mV intervals. There are 50 such intervals in the range of 0-5 volts, so the signal represents log250 = 5.64 bits of information. Exercise 1.5 (a) The hour hand can be resolved to 12 * 4 = 48 positions, which represents log248 = 5.58 bits of information. (b) Knowing whether it is before or after noon adds one more bit. © 2015 Elsevier, Inc. S O L U T I O N S 3 Exercise 1.6 Each digit conveys log260 = 5.91 bits of information. = 1 6 4060 (1 in the 3600 column, 6 in the 60’s column, and 40 in the 1’s column). Exercise 1.7 216 = 65,536 numbers. Exercise 1.8 232-1 = 4,294,967,295 Exercise 1.9 (a) 216-1 = 65535; (b) 215-1 = 32767; (c) 215-1 = 32767 Exercise 1.10 (a) 232-1 = 4,294,967,295; (b) 231-1 = 2,147,483,647; (c) 231-1 = 2,147,483,647 Exercise 1.11 (a) 0; (b) -215 = -32768; (c) -(215-1) = -32767 Exercise 1.12 (a) 0; (b) -231 = -2,147,483,648; (c) -(231-1) = -2,147,483,647; Exercise 1.13 (a) 10; (b) 54; (c) 240; (d) 2215 Exercise 1.14 (a) 14; (b) 36; (c) 215; (d) 15,012 Exercise 1.15 (a) A; (b) 36; (c) F0; (d) 8A7 Sarah L. Harris and David Money Harris Digital Design and Computer Architecture: ARM Edition © 2015 Elsevier, Inc. 4 S O L U T I O N S c h a p t e r 1 Exercise 1.16 (a) E; (b) 24; (c) D7; (d) 3AA4 Exercise 1.17 (a) 165; (b) 59; (c) 65535; (d) 8 Exercise 1.18 (a) 78; (b) 124; (c) 60,730; (d) 1,077,915, 649 Exercise 1.19 (a) ; (b) ; (c) ; (d) 00000 Exercise 1.20 (a) ; (b) ; (c) ; (d) 0001 Exercise 1.21 (a) -6; (b) -10; (c) 112; (d) -97 Exercise 1.22 (a) -2 (-8+4+2 = -2 or magnitude = 0001+1 = 0010: thus, -2); (b) -29 (-32 + 2 + 1 = -29 or magnitude = +1 = : thus, -29); (c) 78; (d) -75 Exercise 1.23 (a) -2; (b) -22; (c) 112; (d) -31 Exercise 1.24 (a) -6; (b) -3; (c) 78; (d) -53 Exercise 1.25 (a) ; (b) ; (c) ; (d) 1 © 2015 Elsevier, Inc. S O L U T I O N S 5 Exercise 1.26 (a) 1110; (b) ; (c) ; (d) 1 Exercise 1.27 (a) 2A; (b) 3F; (c) E5; (d) 34D Exercise 1.28 (a) E; (b) 34; (c) 153; (d) 2C7; Exercise 1.29 (a) ; (b) ; (c) ; (d) ; (e) overflow Exercise 1.30 (a) ; (b) ; (c) overflow; (d) overflow; (e) Exercise 1.31 ; (b) ; (c) ; (d) overflow; (e) overflow Exercise 1.32 (a) ; (b) ; (c) overflow; (d) overflow; (e) Exercise 1.33 (a) ; (b) Exercise 1.34 (a) ; (b) Exercise 1.35 (a) ; (b) Exercise 1.36 (a) ; (b) Exercise 1.37 Sarah L. Harris and David Money Harris Digital Design and Computer Architecture: ARM Edition © 2015 Elsevier, Inc. 6 S O L U T I O N S c h a p t e r 1 (a) 52; (b) 77; (c) 345; (d) 1515 Exercise 1.38 (a) 0o16; (b) 0o64; (c) 0o339; (d) 0o1307 Exercise 1.39 (a) , 2216, 3410; (b) , 3316, 5110; (c) 2, AD16, 17310; (d) 1112, 62716, Exercise 1.40 (a) 0b10011; 0x13; 19; (b) 0b; 0x25; 37; (c) 0b; 0xF9; 249; (d) 0b00