Laboratory Animal Science function B
Chapter 1: An historical and ethical perspective
Question: Animals can be used for research
(YES) now already registered measurements to protect the laboratory animals even more protected than the
animal pets. The use for animals is necessary for the biological inside that have translational values.
(NO) because the translational value is very low, softenon story this wasn’t predicted by animal experiments. It
is fundament research that should be banned, bc it doesn’t benefit the research.
Prehistorical times
v Aristotle (384-322 BC)
Ø Scala naturae
§ From low, simple to high, nearly perfect
§ Introduction to the thinking of higher and lower beings (Within living things are divisions made to
a lower to a higher level (low vertebrates à higher vertebrates)
v But – Plutarchus (46-120)
Ø Pythagoras
Ø Was vegetarian an involved in ethical considerations
v Galenus (129-216)
Ø At that time, you couldn’t dissect humans à so turned to animals to see the mechanism of the body =
Vivisection and dissection with no anesthesia
§ There was a taboo on using human bodies (but Roman Games)
§ Solution: Uses monkeys and pigs as proxy for the human body
§ His knowledge prevailed until 17th century
, Middle Ages
v Augustinus Hippo (354-430)
Ø At that time the plague was around, and people were more in surviving and getting enough food.
Ø Christianity was around so Hippo implemented god, angels, animals, humans.
§ This also implemented the thinking of humans, if we want to distance (=increase the distance)
ourselves from animals (instincts) and be closer to god and angels.
§ No real knowledge or inside were made in that time so they turn to god as reason that people
became sick or were cured.
Ø Conclusion: No real progress was made à everything was explained though religion, no science
§ Disease = curse by god
§ Cure = faith (= cured by god bc of faith)
Renaissance (14-16th century)
v Revival and critical view on the ancient times
Ø They didn’t copy everything they implemented and rewrote the things from the ancient times.
v Vesalius (1514-1564)
Ø Also used criminals to dissect and found out that Galenus and Aristotle wasn’t always right + corrected
it.
v Van Leeuwen
Ø Invention of the microscope
v A different view on the position of man
v People also adopted more scientific approach by used scientific materials bc people were a bit more
disconnected with the church.
, Age of Enlightenment
v Descartes (1596-1650): “je pense donc je suis”
Ø the theory of innate knowledge; all humans were born with knowledge through the higher power of
God
§ combated by philosopher John Locke (1632–1704), an empiricist: all knowledge is acquired
through experience.
Ø He thought that everything could be explained with mechanistic processes; but it was strange that the
human body can reason, talk and this differentiate use from the rest.
Ø This was given to us by god (rest= animals). They didn’t look at the horse of an animal that could be in
pain (= mechanistic approach).
v Revival of animal experimentation
Ø Non-one had a problem with this bc of the thought of distinction between humans and animals
Ø You could get a conviction if you had beaten up a horse
§ Bc a horse is someone’s possession and not bc the horse suffered.
§ If an animal was not in a possession of someone (living free/ wild animal) there were no
restrictions.
, Modern ages
Industrialization
Ø Only the Revival of animal experimentation possession (see previous page) protected the animals
Ø Hogarth (1751)
§ Four stages of Cruelty
• 1st stage: the boy (Nero) is hurting animals
and enjoyed the pain that was giving to the
animals.
• 2nd stage: Nero horse’s falls to the ground bc
it could walk further with the carriage.
• 3rd stage: wife was kills by the husband
(Nero) so the husband could take the stolen
jewels for himself.
• 4th stage: Nero undergoes the same fate that
he gave the animals = death sentence
• Conclusions: if you treat animals bad you will give the same treatment to humans.
Ø Kant (1724-1804)
§ Deontology: er zijn morele wetten die we moeten volgen: het is onze plicht deze te volgen,
ongeacht de (slechte) gevolgen
Ø Bentham (1748-1832) and Mill
§ Utilism: zegt dat een handeling goed is, als het voor 'the greatest good for the greatest number of
people' zorgt
Kant: deontology
v Actions that we must take (duty) based on reasoning and not considering the outcome or consequences
v Categorical imperative
Ø This action should be universal you could do this action at any circumstance, and you should treat
human being as a goal and never as a means.
v Only (hu)man
Ø Reasoning is the key that decides what has dignity and what not
Chapter 1: An historical and ethical perspective
Question: Animals can be used for research
(YES) now already registered measurements to protect the laboratory animals even more protected than the
animal pets. The use for animals is necessary for the biological inside that have translational values.
(NO) because the translational value is very low, softenon story this wasn’t predicted by animal experiments. It
is fundament research that should be banned, bc it doesn’t benefit the research.
Prehistorical times
v Aristotle (384-322 BC)
Ø Scala naturae
§ From low, simple to high, nearly perfect
§ Introduction to the thinking of higher and lower beings (Within living things are divisions made to
a lower to a higher level (low vertebrates à higher vertebrates)
v But – Plutarchus (46-120)
Ø Pythagoras
Ø Was vegetarian an involved in ethical considerations
v Galenus (129-216)
Ø At that time, you couldn’t dissect humans à so turned to animals to see the mechanism of the body =
Vivisection and dissection with no anesthesia
§ There was a taboo on using human bodies (but Roman Games)
§ Solution: Uses monkeys and pigs as proxy for the human body
§ His knowledge prevailed until 17th century
, Middle Ages
v Augustinus Hippo (354-430)
Ø At that time the plague was around, and people were more in surviving and getting enough food.
Ø Christianity was around so Hippo implemented god, angels, animals, humans.
§ This also implemented the thinking of humans, if we want to distance (=increase the distance)
ourselves from animals (instincts) and be closer to god and angels.
§ No real knowledge or inside were made in that time so they turn to god as reason that people
became sick or were cured.
Ø Conclusion: No real progress was made à everything was explained though religion, no science
§ Disease = curse by god
§ Cure = faith (= cured by god bc of faith)
Renaissance (14-16th century)
v Revival and critical view on the ancient times
Ø They didn’t copy everything they implemented and rewrote the things from the ancient times.
v Vesalius (1514-1564)
Ø Also used criminals to dissect and found out that Galenus and Aristotle wasn’t always right + corrected
it.
v Van Leeuwen
Ø Invention of the microscope
v A different view on the position of man
v People also adopted more scientific approach by used scientific materials bc people were a bit more
disconnected with the church.
, Age of Enlightenment
v Descartes (1596-1650): “je pense donc je suis”
Ø the theory of innate knowledge; all humans were born with knowledge through the higher power of
God
§ combated by philosopher John Locke (1632–1704), an empiricist: all knowledge is acquired
through experience.
Ø He thought that everything could be explained with mechanistic processes; but it was strange that the
human body can reason, talk and this differentiate use from the rest.
Ø This was given to us by god (rest= animals). They didn’t look at the horse of an animal that could be in
pain (= mechanistic approach).
v Revival of animal experimentation
Ø Non-one had a problem with this bc of the thought of distinction between humans and animals
Ø You could get a conviction if you had beaten up a horse
§ Bc a horse is someone’s possession and not bc the horse suffered.
§ If an animal was not in a possession of someone (living free/ wild animal) there were no
restrictions.
, Modern ages
Industrialization
Ø Only the Revival of animal experimentation possession (see previous page) protected the animals
Ø Hogarth (1751)
§ Four stages of Cruelty
• 1st stage: the boy (Nero) is hurting animals
and enjoyed the pain that was giving to the
animals.
• 2nd stage: Nero horse’s falls to the ground bc
it could walk further with the carriage.
• 3rd stage: wife was kills by the husband
(Nero) so the husband could take the stolen
jewels for himself.
• 4th stage: Nero undergoes the same fate that
he gave the animals = death sentence
• Conclusions: if you treat animals bad you will give the same treatment to humans.
Ø Kant (1724-1804)
§ Deontology: er zijn morele wetten die we moeten volgen: het is onze plicht deze te volgen,
ongeacht de (slechte) gevolgen
Ø Bentham (1748-1832) and Mill
§ Utilism: zegt dat een handeling goed is, als het voor 'the greatest good for the greatest number of
people' zorgt
Kant: deontology
v Actions that we must take (duty) based on reasoning and not considering the outcome or consequences
v Categorical imperative
Ø This action should be universal you could do this action at any circumstance, and you should treat
human being as a goal and never as a means.
v Only (hu)man
Ø Reasoning is the key that decides what has dignity and what not
