Samenvatting Biology Campbell H3
The chemistry of water
Concept 3.1 Polar covalent bonds in water
molecules result in hydrogen bonding
Oxygen is more electronegative than
hydrogen, so the electrons of the covalent
bonds spend more time closer to oxygen
than to hydrogen; these are polar
covalent bonds. This make it a polar
molecule, meaning that its overall charge
is unevenly distributed.
Concept 3.2 Four emergent properties of
water contribute to Earth’s suitability for life
Water molecules stay close to each other
because of hydro-gen bonding. Although
the molecules in water are constantly
changing, the molecules are all the time
linked by multiple hydro-gen bonds. These
linkages make water more structured than
most other liquids.
Cohesion: the phenomenon of the
hydrogen bonds holding the substance
together
Surface tension: a measure of how
difficult it is to stretch or break the surface
of a liquid, the result of cohesion
Adhesion: the clinging of one substance to another
Kinetic energy: energy of motion
Thermal energy: kinetic energy associated with the random movement of atoms
or molecules, depends on volume
Temperature represents the average kinetic energy of the molecules in a body
regardless of volume, whereas the thermal energy of a body of matter reflects
the total kinetic energy, so depends on the matter’s volume.
Heat: thermal energy in transfer from one body of matter to another
The chemistry of water
Concept 3.1 Polar covalent bonds in water
molecules result in hydrogen bonding
Oxygen is more electronegative than
hydrogen, so the electrons of the covalent
bonds spend more time closer to oxygen
than to hydrogen; these are polar
covalent bonds. This make it a polar
molecule, meaning that its overall charge
is unevenly distributed.
Concept 3.2 Four emergent properties of
water contribute to Earth’s suitability for life
Water molecules stay close to each other
because of hydro-gen bonding. Although
the molecules in water are constantly
changing, the molecules are all the time
linked by multiple hydro-gen bonds. These
linkages make water more structured than
most other liquids.
Cohesion: the phenomenon of the
hydrogen bonds holding the substance
together
Surface tension: a measure of how
difficult it is to stretch or break the surface
of a liquid, the result of cohesion
Adhesion: the clinging of one substance to another
Kinetic energy: energy of motion
Thermal energy: kinetic energy associated with the random movement of atoms
or molecules, depends on volume
Temperature represents the average kinetic energy of the molecules in a body
regardless of volume, whereas the thermal energy of a body of matter reflects
the total kinetic energy, so depends on the matter’s volume.
Heat: thermal energy in transfer from one body of matter to another
