Introduction to Cells 1.1
Essential idea :
the evolution of multicellular allowed specialization cell
·
organisms cell and representation
Cell theory:
all living things are
composed of Cells (or cell products
·
cell is the smallest unit of life
cell only arise from pre-existing cells
cells multiply through division meiosis
-
:
mitosis and
-
all life evolved from simpler ancestors
Common features of cells:
every living cell is surrounded by a membrane
cell
·
contains genetic material
many of cell's activity are chemical reactions
cells have their own energy released system
Questioning the cell theory:
Stricted muscle
muscle cells have more than 1 nucleus per cell /challenges the idea that a cell only has
one nucleus (
surrounded by a single plasma membrane but multi-nucleated
isn't a standard view of a small single nuclei within a cell
Aseptate Fungal hyphae
very large with many nuclei and continuous Cytoplasm
·
multi-nucleated
have cell wall of chitin
·
composed
Giant algae
gigantic size (5-100mm)
complex in form
·
single nucleus within the rhizoid
,Functions of Life:
M :
metabolism
·
web of all the enzyme-catalysed reaction/processes in a cell/organism (example :
respiration
R :
response
living with the
·
things can respond to and interact environment
H : homeostasis
regulation of internal cell conditions
·
maintenance and
6 :
growth
living things can grow/ change size/shape
R :
reproduction
offspring sexually/asexually
/
producing ,
E :
excretion
of Metabolic
·
removal waste
N :
nutrior
·
feeding by either synthesis of organic molecules or absorption of organic matter
Calculating Magnification:
bar
scale measurement
= 2CM =
COMM :
2000Mm = 2000 time is
scale bar label
I cm =
comm
Imm = 1000 um
Calculating Actual Size:
·
measured length =
8 cm
I
80mm =
8 9
.
x 10 "mm
magnification 90000 90000
Importance of Surface Area to Volume Ratio in a Cell
rate of metabolism of a cell is a function of its mass/volume
·
rate of material exchange in and out of a cell is a function of its
surface area
cell grows--volume increase faster than surface area
metabolic than of exchange cell will die
·
rate greater rate ,
cell be divide SA Vol
·
must consequently to restore a viable : to survive
·
cells and tissues specialised for gas/material exchange will increase surface area
to optimise the transfer of materials
,Emergent property
"the
"
·
whole is than the of its part
greater sum
arise from the interaction of component parts of a complex structure
Specialized tissues
there 220 distinct specialised cell types
·
are
all specialised from have
·
cells and organs constructed them developed as a
result of differentation
STEM cell properties
1. divide multiple of cells
can times to produce great quantities copies new
↳ for
can be useful growth of tissue replacement of cells that is lose/damaged
.
2 not fully differentiated : can differentiate to produce different types of cells
Unspecialized cells
Totipotent
·
:
differentiate into of cells
-
can types
any
↳
give rise to placenta (embryonic tissue
·
Pluripotenti
can differentiate into of cells
-
many types
↳
embryonic stem cells
Multipotent
·
:
can differentiate into few
-
closely-related cells
Unipotenti
but differentiate
-
can cell
regenerate only into associated type
↳ liver cells liver cells
seem can only make
, Ultrastructure of Cells 1.2
Essential idea :
eukaryotes have much more complex cell structure than prokaryotes
Prokaryotes
produce asexually - by binary fission
2 DNA loops attach to the membrane
membrane elongates off (cytokinesis) forming cells
·
and pinches 2 separate
2
daugther cells are
genetically identical (clones
Eukaryotes
Nucleus
generally spherical with double membrane
pores in the membrane
·
contains genetic information in chromosomes
uncoiled chromosomes chromating
·
are
mRNA is transcribed in the nucleus
mRNA leaves through the pores
Mitochondria
double membranc
smooth outer membrane
folded inner membrane : Cristae
variable in shape
ATP production by aerobic respiration
Essential idea :
the evolution of multicellular allowed specialization cell
·
organisms cell and representation
Cell theory:
all living things are
composed of Cells (or cell products
·
cell is the smallest unit of life
cell only arise from pre-existing cells
cells multiply through division meiosis
-
:
mitosis and
-
all life evolved from simpler ancestors
Common features of cells:
every living cell is surrounded by a membrane
cell
·
contains genetic material
many of cell's activity are chemical reactions
cells have their own energy released system
Questioning the cell theory:
Stricted muscle
muscle cells have more than 1 nucleus per cell /challenges the idea that a cell only has
one nucleus (
surrounded by a single plasma membrane but multi-nucleated
isn't a standard view of a small single nuclei within a cell
Aseptate Fungal hyphae
very large with many nuclei and continuous Cytoplasm
·
multi-nucleated
have cell wall of chitin
·
composed
Giant algae
gigantic size (5-100mm)
complex in form
·
single nucleus within the rhizoid
,Functions of Life:
M :
metabolism
·
web of all the enzyme-catalysed reaction/processes in a cell/organism (example :
respiration
R :
response
living with the
·
things can respond to and interact environment
H : homeostasis
regulation of internal cell conditions
·
maintenance and
6 :
growth
living things can grow/ change size/shape
R :
reproduction
offspring sexually/asexually
/
producing ,
E :
excretion
of Metabolic
·
removal waste
N :
nutrior
·
feeding by either synthesis of organic molecules or absorption of organic matter
Calculating Magnification:
bar
scale measurement
= 2CM =
COMM :
2000Mm = 2000 time is
scale bar label
I cm =
comm
Imm = 1000 um
Calculating Actual Size:
·
measured length =
8 cm
I
80mm =
8 9
.
x 10 "mm
magnification 90000 90000
Importance of Surface Area to Volume Ratio in a Cell
rate of metabolism of a cell is a function of its mass/volume
·
rate of material exchange in and out of a cell is a function of its
surface area
cell grows--volume increase faster than surface area
metabolic than of exchange cell will die
·
rate greater rate ,
cell be divide SA Vol
·
must consequently to restore a viable : to survive
·
cells and tissues specialised for gas/material exchange will increase surface area
to optimise the transfer of materials
,Emergent property
"the
"
·
whole is than the of its part
greater sum
arise from the interaction of component parts of a complex structure
Specialized tissues
there 220 distinct specialised cell types
·
are
all specialised from have
·
cells and organs constructed them developed as a
result of differentation
STEM cell properties
1. divide multiple of cells
can times to produce great quantities copies new
↳ for
can be useful growth of tissue replacement of cells that is lose/damaged
.
2 not fully differentiated : can differentiate to produce different types of cells
Unspecialized cells
Totipotent
·
:
differentiate into of cells
-
can types
any
↳
give rise to placenta (embryonic tissue
·
Pluripotenti
can differentiate into of cells
-
many types
↳
embryonic stem cells
Multipotent
·
:
can differentiate into few
-
closely-related cells
Unipotenti
but differentiate
-
can cell
regenerate only into associated type
↳ liver cells liver cells
seem can only make
, Ultrastructure of Cells 1.2
Essential idea :
eukaryotes have much more complex cell structure than prokaryotes
Prokaryotes
produce asexually - by binary fission
2 DNA loops attach to the membrane
membrane elongates off (cytokinesis) forming cells
·
and pinches 2 separate
2
daugther cells are
genetically identical (clones
Eukaryotes
Nucleus
generally spherical with double membrane
pores in the membrane
·
contains genetic information in chromosomes
uncoiled chromosomes chromating
·
are
mRNA is transcribed in the nucleus
mRNA leaves through the pores
Mitochondria
double membranc
smooth outer membrane
folded inner membrane : Cristae
variable in shape
ATP production by aerobic respiration
